Reports

Abstract In the current era, as the global economy rapidly transforms toward a knowledge-based economy. A country’s ability to produce, absorb, and apply advanced technologies, as well as enhance industrial complexity, plays a critical role in determining its global standing. To create a realistic outlook and formulate effective policies, it is essential to examine the current state of technological trends in Iran and the position of its industry from the perspective of key complexity and innovation indicators. Analysis of trends in various innovation, complexity, and competitiveness indicators in Iran’s industrial sector shows an upward trajectory until the late 2000s, with Iran’s economy and industrial sector moving toward greater complexity and technology adoption. However, since the early 2010s, due to economic sanctions and the absence of effective industrial development policies, technological progress in the industrial sector has stalled. Iran’s economy has remained largely stagnant, with some indicators even showing regression. The lack of economic stability in the industrial sector and macroeconomic fluctuations have created an unfavorable environment, shifting entrepreneurs’ and industrialists’ priorities from innovation, expansion, and competitiveness to merely maintaining existing operations. Nevertheless, given Iran’s economic potential, appropriate policymaking could partially reverse this trend.

Abstract Tourism, as an industry, has significant potential for generating national income, contributing up to 10% of GDP in some cases. Sports tourism, a key segment, holds high potential for enhancing domestic and international tourism. Iran, with its diverse climate—deserts, mountains, forests, and coastal areas—has significant strengths to attract tourists. Although precise statistics on domestic and inbound tourism are lacking, evidence suggests untapped opportunities in this sector. This study examines policy tools for developing sports tourism in five countries—China, Japan, Australia, the United States, and France—based on criteria such as hosting major sports events (e.g., Olympics, FIFA World Cup) and geographical diversity. Key shared criteria include supportive tourism laws, national programs to promote sports tourism, collaboration between sports and tourism institutions, development of sports infrastructure, dedicated budgets, hosting local, national, and regional sports festivals focusing on popular sports, promoting activity-based tourism (e.g., national marathons), adventure sports, water sports, and mountain sports, hosting major events like the Olympics and world championships, and leveraging digital transformation (using advanced digital technologies) in tourism management.

Abstract The National Permits Portal, launched in 2022, aims to create a single window to facilitate, expedite, and enhance transparency in obtaining business permits. The Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, like other entities, is required to register its permits on this portal. Key complaints include delays in processing, unjustified rejections, time-consuming verification processes, lack of integration of some permits with the ministry’s specialized portals, demands for additional conditions or documents beyond those specified, and overly stringent or unnecessary permit issuance requirements. These issues stem from monopolistic permit allocation, lack of transparency in issuing preliminary approvals, ambiguity in defining cultural-artistic activities, parallel operation of specialized portals, complex review processes, and non-implementation of certain legal provisions. The ministry is obligated to reform internal procedures, work through the Deregulation Board to revise permit titles, clarify ambiguities, and streamline processing times. The board, using legal enforcement tools and complaints mechanisms, along with parliamentary oversight via specialized committees, should ensure compliance with legal obligations.

Abstract Following the 2011 parliamentary approval of Iran’s membership in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the government was tasked with implementing anti-doping measures, with the National Anti-Doping Organization focusing on competitive sports. However, it has been ineffective in addressing doping in fitness contexts. In competitive sports, the organization’s primary activity has been conducting doping tests, with significant deficiencies in educational, cultural, and preventive measures. Structurally, the organization faces unfavorable conditions in human and financial resources. Given the role of pharmaceutical companies in producing performance-enhancing substances and issues like drug trafficking, sports institutions (Ministry of Sports and Youth, National Anti-Doping Organization, National Olympic and Paralympic Committees, and sports federations) alone cannot effectively control doping and substance misuse. This report proposes a comprehensive draft law to combat doping and substance misuse in Iran, emphasizing synergy, strengthening the National Anti-Doping Organization’s structure, and criminalizing doping, structured in three chapters and nine articles.

Abstract Iran’s Constitution reflects a welfare-oriented approach, committing to meet society’s basic needs, notably through Article 31, which guarantees housing access for all. This approach supports households by ensuring ongoing access to housing and enabling future homeownership (a present-focused, future-oriented approach). However, two dominant housing approaches have prevailed: first, a commodification approach, driven by anti-welfare discourses (e.g., command economy rhetoric), which portrays government housing roles as market interference. This approach overlooks hidden subsidies like “density” and “construction” benefits for landowners and developers, exacerbating housing wealth inequality between owners and non-owners. Second, a homeownership-expansion approach acknowledges government responsibility but, due to misunderstandings about subsidies and land supply, has led to policies excluding low-income households. This report identifies four types of unjust housing discrimination—structural, compounded, spatial-locational, and everyday—resulting from these approaches. Per Clause 9 of Article 3, eliminating these discriminations is a legal necessity.

Abstract The plan to amend the Law on Financing and Infrastructure Development, registered as number 251 and referred to the Special Committee for Supporting Production and Article 44 Policies, was presented as a report to amend the Law on the Development of Iran’s Tourism Industry. The committee’s provisions focus solely on investment, whereas tourism development requires legal support for various tourism types (e.g., health, scientific, sports) and facilities (e.g., ecotourism lodges, roadside service complexes). Many proposed provisions face no legal barriers but encounter implementation challenges due to the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts’ lack of targeted planning and policymaking. The committee’s proposal lacks the comprehensiveness needed for tourism development. Some provisions, such as Articles 21 and 23 on increased tax exemptions, conflict with Clause A of Article 27 and Clause B of Article 17 of the Seventh Development Program Law. Thus, the proposal is not approved in its general principles. Of the 22 proposed articles, 4 are approved, 9 are approved with amendments, and 9 are not approved, requiring significant revisions if the committee insists on proceeding.

Abstract The total budget for the culture and arts section in the 2024 budget bill was 216,320,000 million rials, reduced by approximately 1.2 trillion rials in the final law to 203,996,387 million rials. Despite an increase from the 2023 budget, its share of total cultural funding dropped from 30% to 15.6% in 2024. The primary reduction stems from transferring 50 trillion rials from new obligations under the Seventh Development Program, funded via Article 8 of the Targeted Subsidies Law (Table 14), to provincial expenditure (Table 10-C). Another reduction relates to decreased funding for synergy and enhancement of cultural activities and productions under Note 8, Clause B of Article 76 of the Seventh Development Program, linked to Table 12 of the 2024 budget.

Abstract The Minimum Age Convention, adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1973, allows countries to set a minimum employment age of 15, temporarily 14 for specific periods, permits light work for children aged 13–15 (non-hazardous and not conflicting with schooling), and sets 18 for hazardous work. Comparing the convention with Iran’s Labor Law, enacted over three decades ago, shows that Iran’s regulations on child and adolescent labor are progressive, even by current international standards. This report finds that Iran’s domestic laws are more supportive and stringent than the convention’s standards. Given the high compatibility between the convention and domestic laws, the significance of approving this convention as one of the ILO’s eight fundamental conventions, and the ability to address minor discrepancies, the bill’s approval is recommended.

Abstract In the digital era, data management and interoperability are key challenges in e-governance. In Iran, the proliferation of systems and fragmented databases leads to poor coordination and reduced government efficiency. The National Data and Information Management Law plays a pivotal role in integrating data and streamlining data-driven processes nationally. Referenced 46 times across various provisions in the Seventh Development Program Law, its importance is evident. This report analyzes the law’s obligations within the program’s framework, identifying and evaluating responsibilities for entities like the judiciary, executive, institutions under the Supreme Leader, and others. Proper implementation can enhance inter-agency coordination, develop data-driven systems, and improve citizen experiences. Recommendations include strengthening the role of the E-Government Interoperability Working Group in specific areas and establishing a dedicated working group under the Parliamentary Industries and Mines Committee to monitor and enforce the law’s requirements.

Abstract In recent decades, Iran’s industrial governance approach and policy orientations have been designed to create and concentrate export advantages in specific segments of industrial value chains, particularly those at intermediate or initial value-added stages. This has positioned Iran in global trade, fostering export advantages in industries like mining and petrochemicals. However, adopted policies have also led to the development of industries with low foreign currency revenue generation, valued for other factors such as employment creation and meeting domestic market needs due to the applied policy approaches. Understanding the industrial structure from this perspective is crucial for industrial policymaking. The report’s main objective is to analyze the industrial sector’s structure in terms of foreign currency expenditure and revenue generation to inform industrial policy. Findings show a significant reduction in short-term foreign currency expenditure in the industrial sector since 2015, particularly in 2019, 2020, and 2021, primarily due to import challenges and reduced production from COVID-19 restrictions. Amid the currency crises of the 2010s and sanctions, industries have gradually adapted to new conditions. The report indicates a mild upward trend in foreign currency revenue generation for the industrial sector throughout the 2010s, despite challenges, particularly economic sanctions.

Abstract The bill to amend the Law on the Membership of the Islamic Republic of Iran in International Organizations and Forums, originally approved on April 15, 1986, with subsequent amendments, was submitted to the Islamic Consultative Assembly on October 20, 2024, under registration number 108. The bill aims to terminate Iran’s membership in three international organizations: the International Council of Museums, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), and the Third World Network of Scientific Organizations (TWNSO). These organizations play a significant role in expanding Iran’s cultural, scientific, and professional interactions, particularly in cultural heritage and cultural diplomacy. The bill lacks clear justification for withdrawal and does not address its legal and international consequences. The primary motivations appear to be the absence of legal obligations for continued membership and the financial burden of membership fees. While amending the law to align with government decisions is legally feasible, completely removing these organizations from the law could weaken Iran’s international standing, limit cultural interactions, and fuel narratives of Iranophobia. Instead of full withdrawal, it is proposed to add a clause allowing the government to forego membership fee payments in cases where no legal obligation exists or non-payment does not lead to formal expulsion, with the Budget and Planning Organization allocating funds in annual budgets based on the responsible agency’s assessment. Thus, the bill’s general and detailed provisions are not approved, and it is recommended to clarify government discretion for non-payment through an added clause rather than formal withdrawal.

Abstract The Law on Supporting the Restoration, Rehabilitation, and Renovation of Worn-Out and Inefficient Urban Textures, enacted in 2010 with 17 articles, includes specific regulations for worn-out urban areas, outlining methods for project implementers, property acquisition mechanisms, and property owners’ participation. Its goal is to empower low-income social groups and improve deteriorated urban spaces in Iran. Under this law, the government developed two executive documents: the “National Strategic Document for the Restoration, Rehabilitation, Renovation, and Empowerment of Worn-Out Textures” in 2014, per Article 16, and the “Executive Regulation of the National Sustainable Urban Regeneration Program” in 2018. Additionally, based on Clause 3 of Part A of Article 120 of the Sixth Development Program Law, the preparation of a “Special Document for Informal Settlements” was mandated, recognizing the distinct strategies and policies needed due to the growing prevalence of informal settlements. The “National Document for Empowerment and Organization of Informal Settlements” was prepared and approved in 2023. The bill to amend Article 4 of the support law, registered as number 193 on October 20, 2024, was submitted to the Islamic Consultative Assembly for legal procedures. Notably, this bill was previously submitted under registration number 892 in the prior parliamentary session.

Abstract The complex nature and multifaceted dimensions of development require the participation of various societal sectors, including governmental institutions, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations, to actively engage in planning and implementing development projects. This necessitates a regulatory and leadership structure for development in countries. In Iran, seven development programs have been formulated since the Islamic Revolution, but their implementation has consistently faced dysfunctions. Accordingly, Article 118 of the Seventh Development Program Law proposes the establishment of the Supreme Council for Leading the Seventh Development Program to effectively oversee the performance of various actors and entities in its implementation. This report reviews global experiences in development leadership in selected countries and, based on this comparative study, offers recommendations to address Iran’s development program leadership challenges. These include: establishing a comprehensive and smart monitoring and evaluation system for the Seventh Development Program Law; creating a comprehensive indicator system for evaluating and supervising projects under the law; leading and overseeing comprehensive operational programs in implementing organizations across short-, medium-, and long-term horizons; engaging the public in operationalizing the law; fostering synergy among research centers and universities active in development programs; and leveraging non-governmental and public sector capacities for implementation.

Abstract In recent decades, increasing human pressures such as overexploitation of natural resources, land-use changes, pollution, and climate change have weakened ecological resilience and threatened food security, livelihoods, and human health. The concept of “ecosystem services,” as an interdisciplinary, policy-oriented, and scientific framework, plays a key role in recognizing, measuring, and protecting environmental functions. These services, categorized into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting, provide a foundation for integrating natural values into development policymaking. Global initiatives like TEEB, IPBES, and the InVEST model demonstrate that effectively integrating ecosystem services into planning and budgeting processes can lead to more scientific cost-benefit analyses, natural resource preservation, and sustainable development. Countries such as India, Mexico, Turkey, and China have made significant strides through binding legal frameworks, executive guidelines, and enhanced statistical and informational systems. In Iran, actions like Article 59 of the Fourth Development Program, the development of an ecosystem services atlas, wetland management programs, and limited use of quantification models have been undertaken. However, the lack of an executive regulation for Clause 1 of Part C of Article 22 of the Seventh Development Program Law, weaknesses in economic valuation, and disconnection from the national accounts system are major barriers to institutionalizing this approach. The Seventh Development Program offers a strategic opportunity to elevate the role of ecosystem services in Iran’s planning system, provided it is accompanied by institutional reforms, development of executive tools, enhanced technical capacity, and effective monitoring mechanisms.

Abstract This study introduces the concept and methods of “supply chain financing,” focusing on the experience of “reverse factoring” and evaluating the performance of “GAM securities” as a tool under this method in Iran. Forming supply chains enhances economic efficiency by improving financial, goods, and information flows, while supply chain financing optimizes working capital flows, reducing financial constraints for enterprises, particularly small and medium-sized ones. It also improves the targeting of financial facilities and reduces pressure on the banking system. However, the novelty of these tools in Iran, coupled with legal and institutional gaps in their development and management, and the loan-centric structure of financing, pose challenges to integrating these tools into Iran’s financial system and aligning them with the real economy’s needs. Based on the performance review of GAM securities, recommendations include facilitating the issuance, transfer, and discounting processes and regulations, adopting competitive principles in developing reverse factoring and GAM securities, expanding their applications, and continuing stakeholder education.

Abstract In Iran, four main organizations (the Judiciary, Ministry of Sports and Youth, Welfare Organization, and Psychological and Counseling Organization) issue permits for marriage and family counseling services, and over 11 organizations operate counseling centers, leading to fragmented service delivery. To better utilize this capacity, Clause A of Article 80 of the Seventh Development Program Law mandates the drafting and approval of a regulation to organize marriage and family counseling centers and psychologists’ activities. This organization enhances the credibility of counseling and promotes its use but faces challenges such as the lack of comprehensive training based on Islamic-Iranian culture, overlapping responsibilities in permit issuance, inconsistent qualification systems, absence of a ranking system, and incomplete access to counselors’ information. Recommendations include developing training programs based on Islamic-Iranian culture, designating a regulatory body for coordination and oversight, establishing a national counselor information system, standardizing permit issuance conditions, and clearly defining counselors’ scopes of activity. Additionally, implementing a public and systemic monitoring system to evaluate counselors’ performance is proposed. Given the extensive network of judiciary family counseling centers, these should be included in the regulation. The existing regulation on newlywed counseling, ineffective due to structural and content issues, should be repealed, and newlywed counseling services should be incorporated into the new regulation per the Seventh Development Program Law’s emphasis. These actions are essential for organizing, enhancing credibility, and improving the quality of marriage and family counseling services.

Abstract To address the electricity production capacity shortage, particularly during hot seasons, the Law on Removing Barriers to Electricity Industry Development mandates energy-intensive industries to establish 9,000 MW of thermal power plants with at least 55% efficiency and 1,000 MW of renewable power plants by the end of 2025. The mining and mineral industries, a significant portion of large energy-intensive industries, are subject to this legal obligation. By the end of 2024, the nominal capacity of power plants built under this law by large industries was 2,556 MW, with 2,366 MW by large mineral industries and the rest by non-mineral large industries. The law’s implementation rate for all large industries by 2024 was 37%, projected to reach 61% by the end of 2025 if planned power plants are established. Notably, the law’s target efficiency of 55% significantly exceeds the average efficiency of newly built industrial power plants (35.6%).

Abstract The bill for the Labour Statistics Convention aims to join Iran to the convention adopted by the International Labour Organization in 1985, comprising a preamble and 26 articles. The convention seeks to facilitate the “collection, compilation, and publication of labor-related statistics” in member countries, covering four sections: general provisions, fundamental labor statistics, acceptance of obligations, and final provisions. It obliges member states to progressively collect and publish key labor market indicators such as “economically active population,” “underemployment rate,” “average income and working hours,” “wage structure and distribution,” and “occupational injuries.” The report’s findings indicate that many of these indicators are consistently monitored and published in Iran’s official statistical reports, suggesting no conflict with existing statistical capacities. After addressing minor ambiguities noted in the report, joining the convention is recommended.

Abstract This report comprehensively examines the tools and mechanisms through which governments globally provide financial support to social businesses. Social businesses, combining social and economic objectives, play a significant role in addressing issues like poverty, unemployment, and social inequalities but face challenges in accessing financial resources due to their dual-purpose nature. Findings show that government financial support is divided into direct forms (e.g., subsidies, tax exemptions, insurance facilities, and procurement contracts) and indirect forms (e.g., clear legal frameworks, collaboration with foundations and NGOs, and support for incubators and accelerators). Successful European experiences emphasize the need for cohesive legal frameworks, robust monitoring systems, and enhanced inter-sectoral cooperation in the social business ecosystem. Recommendations include developing comprehensive legal frameworks, strengthening impact assessment mechanisms, encouraging inter-sectoral collaboration, supporting intermediary institutions, leveraging modern financing tools, and increasing public-private partnerships. These recommendations can assist policymakers and executives in improving financial support systems, ensuring sustainable growth of social businesses aligned with cultural characteristics to achieve social and economic development goals.

Abstract According to international definitions, customs authorities certify companies as Authorized Economic Operators (AEOs) based on specific criteria, managing their risks differently from other economic actors. Consequently, customs grants priority to AEOs in procedures and conducts fewer inspections on their imported or exported goods. A mutual recognition agreement involves two or more countries agreeing to recognize not only their own AEOs but also those of the partner country with certified credentials. Given the limited trade volume with Russia and the approval of the free trade law with Eurasia, the mutual recognition agreement for AEOs can significantly facilitate customs procedures and enhance trade between the two countries. Therefore, the approval of this bill is deemed appropriate.

Abstract Designing governance models in Iran is achieved not merely through comparative studies or the translation of other countries’ experiences but through indigenous knowledge and the tacit expertise of the Islamic Republic’s agents and specialists. This study, based on semi-structured interviews with governors, county administrators, members of Islamic councils, parliamentarians, and academic experts, identifies and analyzes key points for designing a decentralization model. Decentralization is realized when it relieves the central government of local responsibilities, allowing focus on strategic national and international issues while preserving national authority and unity. Any decentralization plan that fails to meet this objective is counterproductive. The proposed decentralization model prioritizes administrative and financial deconcentration from the Cabinet to governors by reinstating the deputy role for planning and budgeting at the provincial level. It further suggests political, administrative, and financial decentralization by delegating the authority of ministerial service agencies to cities and municipalities. The study’s results are based on interviews and narrative research with relevant officials through a Delphi study approach.

Abstract Analysis of key water and meteorological indicators for winter 2024 shows a 36% reduction in average precipitation compared to the long-term average. During this period, 30 provinces experienced below-average precipitation, with only Hamadan showing an increase. The average winter temperature was above the long-term seasonal average in 15 provinces, with a national average increase of 0.3°C. Due to severe declines in precipitation and rising temperatures, large parts of the country faced mild to severe drought. Major reservoir levels at the end of winter decreased by 5% compared to the previous year, reaching 23 billion cubic meters. Reservoirs in Tehran and Alborz provinces, including Amir Kabir, Lar, and Latian dams, were in critical condition with less than 15% capacity. The Zayandehroud Dam’s storage decreased by 54% compared to the previous year. Dams such as Doosti and Tarq in Khorasan Razavi, Esteghlal and Shamil and Nian in Hormozgan, Rudbal Darab in Fars, and Saveh in Markazi were also in highly critical conditions. Last winter, 51% of the water sector’s budget was allocated, with total allocations for 2024 reaching 96%.

Abstract Based on the explanations provided in this expert opinion, the first part of the bill (Articles 1–11) is acceptable with amendments. However, the second part (Articles 12–22) contributes to legislative inflation due to the existence of numerous laws in this domain that sufficiently cover the behaviors targeted by the bill. This part conflicts with general legislative policies and does not strengthen the criminal justice system. Defining clear responsibilities for platforms and imposing operational requirements (e.g., algorithm transparency, user reporting mechanisms, and independent oversight bodies) is far more effective than criminal penalties. Thus, the second part is not acceptable, as existing laws are sufficient. Despite significant issues with the criminal provisions, the bill’s general provisions are approved.

Abstract   Historical experiences show that countries’ development occurs within deep transnational economic interactions, which are never devoid of “politics and power.” As the world transitions from decades of global economic integration to fragmentation, the role of “power” in transnational interactions has grown significantly. This shift enables Iran to neutralize sanctions by repositioning and redefining its global role through two strategies: 1) Securing power by safeguarding critical supply chains, addressing vulnerabilities in essential goods that could disrupt the economy and national security in the short term, focusing on trade (especially commodities) and secure financial and banking settlement mechanisms, with immediate prioritization under the Supreme National Security Council. 2) Reviving and boosting power through participation in selected economic-political-security belts, a medium- to long-term strategy involving industries, technology, and capital attraction, and linking regional and extra-regional countries to energy, freight, and data trade (energy transmission lines, rail, maritime, and road transport infrastructure, and data transmission lines), which can significantly enhance Iran’s power.

Abstract In recent decades, Iran’s infrastructure investment has primarily come from the government and state-owned companies, funded through public budgets, the National Development Fund, internal company resources, and bank loans. In the 2010s, U.S. sanctions drastically reduced oil export revenues, weakening public budgets, the National Development Fund, and internal resources of oil and gas companies. Low-cost bank loans have also faced severe restrictions due to banking system imbalances and balance sheet limitations. Given the uncertain prospects for renewed oil abundance due to ongoing sanctions and persistent banking constraints, new solutions for infrastructure financing are needed. Leveraging private and public investment is a viable solution, requiring improved returns on infrastructure projects. This report briefly outlines Iran’s strengths in enhancing the economics of infrastructure projects, available opportunities, achievable prospects, and likely outcomes.

Abstract This report seeks to elucidate the nature and philosophy of transparency, focusing on the implementation requirements of related laws and achieving optimal transparency. After reviewing global experiences and transparency’s intended roles, the authors propose a theory prioritizing “defining and understanding the nature of transparency over its legislation,” framing the research question as “the nature of transparency expected from the three branches of government, executive agencies, and other institutions, and its rationale and requirements.” Six key questions are raised: 1) What are the most important transparency-related laws? 2) How have legislators defined transparency in these laws? 3) Is legislation based on a precise definition and understanding of transparency? 4) What is the real nature and definition of transparency in practice, and why? 5) What is the philosophy and rationale behind the need for transparency? 6) What are the transparency requirements for the three branches, executive agencies, and other institutions? The report concludes by addressing these questions, summarizing findings, drawing conclusions, and offering practical recommendations.

Abstract Oversight is a primary function of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, requiring mechanisms and tools to monitor law implementation to be prioritized by parliamentarians. This report, based on a review of oversight mechanisms and tools in selected global parliaments, addresses the what, why, and how of parliamentary oversight in these countries. It examines their experiences in applying oversight tools and provides recommendations to enhance the Islamic Consultative Assembly’s oversight of the executive branch within Iran’s governance system.

Abstract This report aims to analyze the experiences of Iran’s executive agencies in regulating conflict of interest management, adopting a functional approach to provide solutions for improving the codification and approval process of the Conflict of Interest Management Bill. Based on data from content analysis of agency documents and a specialized meeting with experts, agency representatives, and stakeholders discussing lived experiences in conflict of interest management, the discussions are qualitatively categorized and analyzed across three main themes: actions, challenges, and solutions. Findings highlight recommendations such as avoiding unnecessary restrictions, integrating with subsequent laws, addressing structural (systemic) conflicts of interest, considering structural differences in service, production, and economic agencies, and implementing the law in phases (experimentally).

Abstract Timely and reliable GDP data can significantly enhance macroeconomic policymaking and monitoring. Given delays in statistical authorities’ reporting and repeated requests from parliamentarians to address this gap with more current economic growth data, the Parliamentary Research Center has developed a computational framework to estimate and report Iran’s economic growth monthly in the shortest time possible. According to the Central Bank’s 2024 data, GDP grew by 3.1% with oil and 3% without oil compared to the previous year. The Center’s estimates show a 0.1% GDP growth in June 2025 compared to June 2024, with non-oil GDP declining by 0.2%. Sectoral value-added estimates for June 2025 compared to June 2024 indicate a 3.5% decline in agriculture, a 2.9% increase in crude oil and natural gas, a 2.6% decline in industries and mining, and a 3% increase in services. For spring 2025, GDP growth is estimated at 1.4% and non-oil GDP at 1.2% compared to spring 2024.

Abstract Maximizing parliamentary diplomacy, as outlined in Chapter 21 of the Seventh Development Program Law, is a key factor. Strengthening balanced parliamentary diplomacy with neighbors and the Islamic world is a priority in foreign policy, enhancing the geopolitical power of Islamic countries globally. A priority for the 12th Parliament’s diplomacy is facilitating the hosting of the Permanent Secretariat of the Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States. The Parliamentary Research Center’s Legal Studies Office previously reviewed the agreement between Iran and the Asian Parliamentary Assembly regarding the rights, privileges, and immunities of its permanent secretariat (registration number 24). Notably, both the OIC Parliamentary Union’s permanent secretariat and the Asian Parliamentary Assembly’s secretariat are based in Tehran. Approving the headquarters agreement with the OIC Parliamentary Union marks a new phase of transformative and proactive engagement by the 12th Parliament in parliamentary forums. As the Islamic world is a significant political bloc in the Inter-Parliamentary Union, this agreement can enhance Iran’s parliamentary diplomacy’s constructive and persuasive capacity within the global political landscape.

Abstract Environmental challenges like air pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss are transnational, requiring regional and international cooperation. Such cooperation facilitates knowledge and technology exchange, protects shared natural resources, enables rapid crisis response, and secures international organizations’ support. Environmental challenges significantly threaten SCO member states, transcending borders and affecting multiple countries. Thus, environmental cooperation with aligned countries, especially neighbors, is not just an option but a vital necessity. Environmental cooperation aids technical solutions, serves as an effective tool for public and international diplomacy, and facilitates sanctions neutralization. Iran’s active participation in regional environmental projects can elevate its international standing and foster broader cooperation. Given the Supreme Leader’s “General Environmental Policies” emphasizing environmental diplomacy and the numerous opportunities for environmental cooperation with SCO members, the bill’s single article is approved. However, a note under the article should ensure compliance with Articles 77, 125, and 139 of Iran’s Constitution during implementation or amendment.

Abstract Elected politicians, driven by public votes, often impose their policies on administrative systems to fulfill voter-approved goals. While some level of such action is acceptable for democracy, excessive politicization can undermine administrative neutrality and rationality, prioritizing individual or partisan political interests over public interests, leading to fundamental challenges to administrative impartiality and efficiency. This series of Parliamentary Research Center reports examines the relationship between administration and politics, the concept of politicization, and its management approaches in eight countries: the UK, France, Germany, Romania, the USA, China, India, and Ghana. Findings indicate varying global understandings of politicization, resulting in different processes, outcomes, and strategies to mitigate its negative effects. The report concludes by outlining policies adopted by these countries to address politicization in public administration.

Abstract This report examines the role and importance of designing combinatorial auctions for optimal resource allocation under various conditions. Auctions are key economic tools for competitive sales of goods and services. While traditional auctions are designed for homogeneous single or multiple items, real-world scenarios often involve heterogeneous items with complementary or substitutive relationships, requiring more complex mechanisms. Combinatorial auctions, allowing bids on item packages, enhance efficiency, reduce collusion, and ensure fairer allocation. Common types include sealed-bid combinatorial auctions, simultaneous multi-round auctions, and two-stage combinatorial clock auctions, each with specific advantages and disadvantages. The choice of auction type depends on market conditions, item structure, and organizer objectives. For instance, in public asset sales, maximizing revenue is not the sole goal; factors like production integrity or job preservation must also be considered. Combining auction types and applying rules like value thresholds for production integrity can create tailored mechanisms. Theoretical and experimental evidence shows that auction efficiency and collusion risks heavily depend on design, making thorough and specialized design analysis critical to success.

Abstract Under various constitutional principles, the Islamic Consultative Assembly is tasked with overseeing government performance. However, oversight has largely neglected evaluating the impacts of laws and identifying gaps between their outcomes and legislators’ intentions. This gap is critical given Iran’s high legislative volume and redundancy, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of the legal system to eliminate redundancies and conflicts and pursue legislators’ goals. The spirit and provisions of the General Legislative Policies, particularly Clause 6 of Part 9, emphasize evaluating the impacts of law implementation. However, due to a lack of commitment, operational evaluation models, structure, data, or resources, this task has been overlooked. Several measures can enable the Assembly to effectively evaluate laws’ impacts within a reasonable timeframe: emphasizing bill-driven legislation, expediting approval of laws related to General Legislative Policies, comprehensively revising laws, adopting a one-in-one-out regulation policy, delegating impact evaluations to the government, conducting dual and cross-evaluations by the Assembly, designing evaluation frameworks, and combining ex-ante, ex-post, and goal-independent evaluation methodologies.

Abstract This report examines and analyzes the legal requirements for companies to provide information to U.S. government ministries. Based on data and public information requested by U.S. ministries from private companies, the report evaluates the reality of the perception that the U.S., as a symbol of a free economy, grants companies significant operational freedom. Findings show this assumption is unreliable and misguided. Although the report focuses only on reporting requirements at the federal ministry level and does not cover all U.S. governance layers, the diversity and volume of reporting domains are evident. Thus, U.S. companies are obligated to disclose substantial information due to legal and regulatory requirements.

Abstract In July 2025, production and sales indices declined by 10.8% and 3.3%, respectively, compared to July 2024. Compared to the previous month, the production index fell by 3.2%, while the sales index rose by 4.7%. In the automotive and parts sector, production and sales indices dropped by 15.8% and 24%, respectively, compared to July 2024. The chemical (excluding pharmaceuticals) sector’s production index decreased by 12.5%, while its sales index saw a slight 0.4% increase. The monthly price growth rate for listed industrial companies in July 2025 was 1.1%, with year-on-year growth declining by 1.4 percentage points to 39.7%. The annual average industrial activity price index rose by 1.6 percentage points to 32.7%.

Abstract Sustainable water resources are essential for any development and spatial planning in Iran, impacting all infrastructure and economic sectors. Current water management challenges, including water stress, low productivity, and numerous incomplete projects, necessitate reliable investment in the sector. Designating 2025 as the “Year of Investment for Production” offers an opportunity to align national efforts, benefiting the water sector. Using SOAR analysis, this report assesses the water sector’s investment capacity, identifying 14 strengths, 13 opportunities, 9 aspirations, and 9 results. A SOAR matrix extracts relationships between these components, presenting 10 prioritized strategies and approaches for water sector investment.

Abstract Managing outdoor advertising is a key urban management task for organizing urban spaces and aesthetics. Such advertising shapes viewers’ mental images and impacts environmental beauty and quality, necessitating regulation. The diversity, lack of coordination, and inconsistency in outdoor advertising have created visual clutter in Iranian cities. Without deterrent laws, urban aesthetics—meant to be a safe haven for citizens—often become overwhelmed by competing advertising messages. Per the Municipal Law, advertising on city thoroughfares is prohibited except in municipality-approved locations, with violators infringing on public rights and the law. However, profiteering, low public awareness, and the law’s lack of deterrence hinder control of violations. Given the proliferation of advertising on walls and thoroughfares, causing visual irregularities, violators’ disregard for existing regulations, and the inadequacy of current laws, the bill to amend Article 92 of the Municipal Law, comprising a single article, was approved by the Cabinet on September 19, 2023, and submitted to the Islamic Consultative Assembly for legal procedures.

Abstract

Abstract Water, as a vital resource for sustainable development, food security, and economic stability, faces serious challenges in Iran, including inherent resource scarcity, climate change, and numerous incomplete projects. Optimizing budget allocation and refining project objectives without compromising expected functions is critical. Value engineering, a systematic approach to improving the function-to-cost ratio in projects, can enhance water project prioritization by analyzing performance, reducing unnecessary costs, and improving quality. Global success cases, such as water distribution projects in China, hydroelectric plants in Iran, dam construction, and agricultural drainage management elsewhere, demonstrate this method’s effectiveness in enhancing efficiency and cost reduction. The value engineering process includes preparation, information gathering, performance analysis, creativity, evaluation, development, presentation, and implementation, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration. Iran’s legal framework has historically emphasized value engineering in infrastructure and water projects. Although not explicitly mentioned in the Seventh Development Program Law, its project prioritization mandates provide an opportunity to apply this approach. Given limited financial resources and the need to expedite water project utilization, value engineering can be an effective tool for enhancing project efficiency, optimizing resources, and achieving sustainable development goals in this sector.

Abstract The interpretive bill regarding Clause (R) of Note (1) of the 2025 National Budget Law addresses whether the import duties specified in this clause apply to electric and hybrid vehicles. Research findings indicate that this interpretive bill contradicts Article 73 of the Constitution due to the explicit legal text, rendering it fundamentally invalid.

Abstract The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest enclosed lake, has experienced a significant decline in water levels in recent decades. This phenomenon, driven by a combination of human and natural factors such as extensive dam construction on the Volga River (the primary water source), overexploitation of water resources, and climate change, has intensified since the 1930s. The decline has widespread environmental, economic, and social impacts regionally and globally. These include changes in coastlines, reduced biodiversity, drying of critical wetlands, threats to sturgeon and Caspian seal habitats, and increased risks of dust storms. Economically, it endangers local livelihoods, disrupts oil and gas activities, and affects international trade. Socially, it heightens tensions among coastal countries over water and newly exposed land resources and may lead to community displacement. Given the local, regional, and global impacts, assessing environmental effects and developing international solutions to protect the Caspian Sea and mitigate its adverse impacts are of paramount importance.

Abstract Aligning vocational and technical training with labor market needs has been a persistent concern for policymakers, repeatedly mandated in policy documents. Due to past failures, Clause 22 of Article 119 of the Seventh Development Program Law mandates the government to develop a comprehensive plan for advancing and transforming informal vocational and technical training based on spatial planning, labor market demand, emerging technologies, and future jobs. To avoid previous shortcomings, implementation requires addressing dimensions outlined in the law, including educational spatial planning, labor market information systems, national industrial development strategies, precise identification and definition of emerging technologies, and aligning labor market regulations with future jobs. These aspects are critical, as their neglect would prevent the law’s objectives from being realized, even if the plan is developed. This report briefly examines each dimension, discusses implementation requirements, and addresses the unspecified lead agency for drafting the plan. Given past coordination failures among informal training providers, it is recommended that the Supreme Council for Technical, Vocational, and Skills Training be designated as the lead agency.

Abstract The bill to refer the dispute between the Export Development Bank of Iran and Spitamen Oil Company of Tajikistan to arbitration aims to resolve a financial dispute arising from the company’s failure to repay loan installments. The Export Development Bank, a specialized institution for export financing, supports Iranian exporters. In 2009, it provided loans to Spitamen Oil for two projects in Tajikistan (oil extraction and refining plants), guaranteed by Agroinvest Bank of Tajikistan. Due to non-repayment by Spitamen Oil and Agroinvest Bank’s refusal to honor its guarantees, a financial dispute emerged. The first guarantee, governed by Iranian law, was pursued in Iranian courts, but the second includes an arbitration clause requiring international arbitration. Per Article 139 of the Constitution, referring public asset disputes to arbitration requires Cabinet and parliamentary approval. The Parliamentary Judicial and Legal Committee, on May 11, 2025, approved the bill with amendments to its single article to ensure compliance with constitutional principles. Approving this bill can facilitate resolving international financial disputes and strengthen trust in Iran’s commercial and banking relations with regional countries.

Abstract The insurance industry, a critical component of the financial and economic system, performs various functions, including risk coverage for economic activities and mobilizing and allocating financial resources. Regulation and oversight are key to its growth and development. This report draws on the regulatory experiences of leading countries in the insurance industry, specifically focusing on the United Kingdom. In the UK, two regulatory bodies oversee the financial system and insurance industry. As these regulators also supervise other financial sectors (e.g., banks and investment firms), their priorities focus on maintaining national financial stability and macroeconomic conditions. Specifically, the Financial Conduct Authority emphasizes consumer protection and market integrity, while the Prudential Regulation Authority focuses on the safety and financial soundness of firms. Their duties and powers, granted under UK law, include continuous oversight, monitoring capital and financial solvency, issuing and revoking licenses, penalizing violators, and setting regulations. This report elaborates on these aspects based on relevant laws.

Abstract During the recent 12-day war, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) played a prominent role in crisis management. Leveraging public capacities, these social organizations significantly contributed to managing the crisis. Entities such as the Red Crescent, charities, religious groups, and volunteer groups undertook extensive actions, including supporting vulnerable populations, managing societal psychology, providing essential supplies, ensuring local security, and countering enemy propaganda, thwarting many of the Zionist regime’s cognitive warfare strategies. This unprecedented social cohesion provided a historic opportunity to strengthen national unity and build capacity for public diplomacy, inspiring policymakers to design a people-centric crisis management model. However, the war also highlighted challenges to effective NGO operations, such as structural weaknesses, networking disruptions, and mismanagement of cultural differences. To better leverage these capacities and address challenges, the government should adopt a participatory approach, act as a smart orchestrator, and foster constructive NGO engagement. Legal frameworks for NGO activities, institutionalized training, facilitated networking, inclusion in decision-making, and enhanced international advocacy are essential for developing social participation. These experiences can serve as a lasting model for future crisis management.

Abstract The proposed bill, aimed at implementing Note 1 of Article 3 of the Clean Air Law of 2017, addresses the amount and method of fines and suspension for non-compliant polluting units and vehicles during air pollution emergencies. Presented to the Islamic Consultative Assembly in five articles, the bill’s review shows that regulations for fining vehicles and polluting units are already covered in the executive regulations of Articles 7 and 12 and Note 3 of Article 3 of the Clean Air Law. The bill is primarily limited to emergency conditions, lacking comprehensive solutions for air pollution reduction. Additionally, Article 3 overlaps with Article 720 of the Islamic Penal Code (Book Five – Ta’zirat), and Article 4 overlaps with Article 12 of the Clean Air Law, potentially causing implementation ambiguities and judicial confusion. Given existing traffic restriction schemes and fines for unauthorized entry into low-emission zones, a new bill seems unnecessary. Overall, the bill repeats existing regulations, is limited to emergencies, and lacks the capacity to address fundamental air pollution deterrence challenges, potentially causing implementation and judicial ambiguities; thus, its approval is not supported.

Abstract Transparency in municipalities and local governments is a key factor in enhancing public trust and combating corruption. This concept involves the systematic and public disclosure of information, ideally in electronic and standardized formats. This report examines the extraction of transparency evaluation indicators for Tehran Municipality and City Council. Analysis of transparency-related laws reveals persistent structural barriers and ineffective implementation despite efforts to strengthen the concept. The report assesses the strengths and weaknesses of Iran’s legal framework for transparency and presents derived experiences as a model for other cities. It aims to provide a framework for evaluating Tehran’s transparency status using the best global transparency indicators while considering data access limitations in the municipality. These evaluations can be objectively conducted through municipal websites. The report also analyzes transparency-related laws, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and seeks to establish a benchmark for assessing Tehran’s transparency as a model for other cities.

Abstract Unaccounted-for water is a major challenge in sustainable water resource management, particularly in developing countries. Global estimates indicate billions of cubic meters of water loss in drinking water distribution networks, causing billions of dollars in economic losses annually. In Iran, recent studies show that approximately 32% of water entering the drinking water distribution network is unaccounted for, equivalent to 2.9 billion cubic meters and about 13 trillion tomans. Provinces with the highest unaccounted-for water are Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Khuzestan, with 57.3% and 53.4% of distributed water unaccounted for, respectively. Developing and pursuing strategies to reduce unaccounted-for water is essential, as successful reduction lowers operational costs, enhances water resource efficiency, expands access to sustainable water, and prevents secondary adverse effects like conflicts. This report comprehensively addresses this challenge, presenting a policy, managerial, and technical framework to improve Iran’s status. Findings highlight that reducing unaccounted-for water has significant economic impacts and plays a critical role in protecting limited water resources and ensuring water security for future generations.

Abstract This report analyzes the phenomena of “deglobalization” and “global economic fragmentation” in international political economy. Amplified by recent global events like the Ukraine war, geopolitical tensions, the COVID-19 pandemic, and U.S.-China trade conflicts, these phenomena reflect fundamental shifts in global policymaking and discourse. Previously, globalization and economic convergence through global supply and value chains were dominant, but chains are now moving toward fragmentation and regionalization due to concerns about supply chain security, reducing dependence on rival countries, and prioritizing economic resilience over efficiency. Affected areas include international payment systems, foreign direct investment, industry and technology, trade, and supply chains. These phenomena present both risks and opportunities for Iran. To manage risks, securing critical supply chains is recommended. Leveraging opportunities involves “participating in selected economic-political-security belts.”

Abstract Developing and managing surface water resources through dam construction and related scientific and technical studies is a key strategy. In recent years, this industry has gained significant traction among policymakers and implementers in Iran and globally for water resource management. Principled, standard, and scientifically grounded dam construction ensures progress in energy, agriculture, tourism, and foreign policy. Critical to this is appropriate baseline studies and comprehensive policies for new projects, requiring oversight from scientific institutions, technical bodies, and senior water sector managers. Climate change has cast a shadow over dam projects worldwide, and Iran, due to its unique geography and water governance regulations, is not immune to these impacts. This report shows 101 active dam projects under study or construction in 2022, necessitating special attention from policymakers to ensure their performance and capability in future water management. Analysis reveals significant inflow reductions in 43 out of 44 examined projects (9–87% declines) at specific time points due to climate change and upstream human interventions. The report’s statistical analysis shows a 20.2% budget increase for these projects in 2022 compared to the previous year. The final section discusses managerial frameworks and expert principles to enhance efficiency and capability in dam study and construction. Further field studies aligned with territorial capacities and extensive climatic and human monitoring are essential to optimize water resource management and improve future project performance, particularly given Iran’s economic constraints and challenges in securing sufficient financial and technical resources.

Abstract Constructing dams and reservoirs for storing, protecting, and utilizing surface water is a common and principled method for water resource management. In Iran and globally, dam construction is critical for meeting consumption needs, generating energy, protecting groundwater, and supporting tourism, particularly in recent years. This significance stems from the dam industry’s role as a leading sector in knowledge production and technical development, with undeniable contributions to national development policies. A key discussion is evaluating the industry’s success in achieving development and investment goals. This report examines the performance and trends of Iran’s dam industry from statistical, scientific, and financial perspectives for operating dams (and some under study or construction). It highlights several significant operating dams to provide a comprehensive overview. Findings show that many major operating dams have faced performance issues and empty reservoirs throughout their operational period, despite the need for effective performance to preserve and develop water resources. Over 98% of the 52 dams analyzed show significant inflow reductions (3–94%) at specific time points. The report concludes with managerial frameworks based on expert principles and statistical realities to enhance industry efficiency.

Abstract The institution of tax consulting and facilitation, a relatively overlooked aspect of Iran’s tax system, is critical for increasing tax revenues, reducing tax gaps, and ensuring simplicity and ease in the tax system. This report examines a successful case in the United States, where various tax facilitators and consultants, from lawyers and certified accountants to registered facilitators, operate. Beyond providing advice, these facilitators can represent taxpayers in audit and tax return processes. Notable features include the Taxpayer Bill of Rights and programs like VITA (Volunteer Income Tax Assistance) and TCE (Tax Counseling for the Elderly). Specialized clinics also provide legal services for tax disputes. Five proposed principles for designing Iran’s tax consulting and facilitation system are: utilizing facilitators for tax return completion, addressing low-income or special taxpayers, responsibility for tax return completion, consulting and facilitation fees, and confidentiality considerations.

Abstract In the 11th Parliament, the “Agricultural Production Support and Barrier Removal Bill” (registration number 425) was approved but faced objections from the Guardian Council and the High Supervisory Board. Its review continues in the 12th Parliament (registration number 20) to address ambiguities and objections. Following the referral of Article 11 from the floor to the Agriculture, Water, Natural Resources, and Environment Committee, amendments were made. This report evaluates these amendments. To address the Guardian Council’s objections, Article 11 outlines broad implementation guidelines for essential agricultural structures, delegating details to a regulation by the Minister of Agriculture. Financial burden provisions were removed. The amendments appear to resolve the Guardian Council’s objections and ambiguities. However, further amendments are needed to maximize agricultural land protection and prevent unnecessary land-use changes.

Abstract In transitioning to global governance, human rights have become a central norm defining international actors’ roles. The UN Human Rights Council plays a complex, pivotal role in this network. This report addresses the question: What is the Council’s role and function in the global human rights governance network, and how can Iran engage with it? Using a descriptive-analytical method and document analysis, the report examines the Council’s structure, mechanisms, and interactions. Findings show the Council is a central institution with multiple functions. It encourages state compliance with human rights norms through interactive tools like the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) via social learning and shaming. For gross human rights violations, it employs stricter mechanisms like special procedures and fact-finding committees, exposing states to coercive actions like sanctions or international prosecutions. Iran is recommended to adopt a “smart and critical engagement” strategy, including active diplomatic advocacy for an alternative, culturally grounded human rights narrative, coalition-building with aligned countries to challenge hegemonic interpretations, countering biased information with robust data, and leveraging the Council to highlight the adverse human rights impacts of unilateral sanctions.

Abstract Training governors involves a process where individuals or groups acquire specific traits to assume designated political roles. This report examines the mechanisms and complexities of training political governors in Turkey. Institutional factors like the legal system, electoral system, and party system influence the training of political elites. Turkey’s political system is party-centric, with parties and their branches playing a central role in reproducing political elites, intertwining political paths from local to national levels with party politics. This role persists in both authoritarian and pluralistic periods. Following the failed 2016 coup and 2017 constitutional reforms, Turkey shifted from a parliamentary to a presidential system, significantly increasing presidential powers. While this may weaken parties and parliament in governance, parties remain the primary selectors and trainers of governors. Other influential institutions, intertwined with parties, include the Turkish Political Science Association, Imam Hatip schools (for religious groups), and local governance, particularly municipalities.