Reports

Abstract Research centers and libraries of world parliaments serve as the driving force and the software engine behind empowering representatives’ diplomatic activities. Screening and indigenizing the experiences of these centers—aligned with the priorities of Chapters 21 and 22 of the Seventh Development Plan Law—can enhance the quality of the Twelfth Parliament’s diplomatic activities. A comparative study of the research centers of European Union parliaments shows that most of them are transitioning from traditional parliamentary diplomacy to smart parliamentary diplomacy by establishing simulation, innovation, and artificial‑intelligence units, and by forming close collaborations with national AI organizations. Most of these centers prioritize continuous improvement of diplomatic processes through the development of a parliamentary diplomacy assistant system and the preparation of performance indicators for friendship groups and diplomatic delegations. Simultaneously, by participating in conferences of heads of research centers and parliamentary think tanks, they are moving toward sharing knowledge and common experiences—an initiative that has significantly increased the role of research centers in verifying foreign‑policy uncertainty scenarios. In most of these centers, inviting university professors and former lawmakers familiar with foreign policy and international relations helps establish a meaningful and logical connection between academia, former representatives, parliamentary think tanks, and current lawmakers. The outputs of these sessions are documented in a Parliamentary Diplomacy Bulletin and published online to enhance representatives’ diplomatic skills and media literacy.

Abstract With the rapid expansion of e-commerce and its increasing role in daily life, designing a legal and policy framework for the online distribution of health-related products—especially pharmaceuticals—in Iran requires careful analysis and the use of international experiences. This report aims to identify the current legal and regulatory landscape governing the distribution of medicines and health-related products in Iran. The study then reviews the online activities of pharmacies and internet-based drug distribution systems in several countries, particularly in Europe and the United States, as comparative case studies to identify diverse regulatory models. Based on an analysis of the current situation and international best practices, the report offers recommendations for developing standards for online distribution of pharmaceuticals and health-related products in Iran. These include establishing uniform procedures for pharmacies and online platforms, enabling pharmacies to order medicines online from distribution companies, defining clear rules for categorizing and transporting medicines, and resolving existing ambiguities and inconsistencies in relevant guidelines. Ultimately, the focus is on facilitating patient access to medicines, strengthening regulatory oversight of pharmacies and platforms, and improving service quality in the pharmaceutical distribution sector by leveraging the capacity of digital platforms.

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Abstract Table (21) of Article (93) of the Seventh Development Plan emphasizes attracting 320,000 international students. This study examines the requirements and conditions necessary to achieve this target. Several existing challenges include bureaucratic obstacles to international academic relations, lack of a comprehensive marketing strategy, absence of universities in high-level policymaking councils for foreign students, and insufficient participation of cultural institutions in designing and implementing programs tailored to international students.
To facilitate the attraction of 320,000 international students, institutional reforms and policy proposals are presented. The study recommends adopting a hybrid approach emphasizing revenue generation, cultural soft power, and scientific development as the country’s main strategy for attracting international students.
Key proposals include:
-         Ensuring participation of active universities in the High Council for the Planning and Management of Non-Iranian Students to bridge gaps between policy and execution
-          Engaging relevant institutions such as municipalities, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, IRIB, and the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare in committees for admission, monitoring, evaluation, and cultural affairs to enhance inter-institutional coordination
-         Increasing the number of scholarship students through collaboration with industries and non-governmental entities to fund scholarships
-         Granting top universities permission to use foreign currency accounts and cryptocurrencies
-          Providing necessary hardware and software infrastructure, such as reliable servers, secure networks, advanced user interfaces, electronic course content, and trained e-learning facilitators

Abstract Understanding the components used to evaluate the success of a cooperative is essential for guiding cooperative performance, targeted policymaking, and designing more effective training programs. This report compares the criteria used internationally—by cooperative unions, the International Cooperative Entrepreneurship Office, the World Cooperative Monitor, and global research—with those referenced in Iranian studies and by Iran’s official cooperative-sector authorities. Accordingly, based on global cooperative principles, essential components and their dimensions are presented under four broad categories: managerial, social, economic–financial, and environmental impact. The study shows that relying solely on quantitative indicators—especially financial turnover or the number of years a cooperative has survived, which are commonly used in Iran—does not provide an accurate representation of cooperative success. A comprehensive assessment must also consider a cooperative’s performance and capacity to generate economic development for its members, contribute to local development, increase share value, demonstrate entrepreneurial behavior, show resilience, and sustain economic growth. Financial success alone is insufficient. A successful cooperative must pursue both social objectives and economic benefits through cooperative logic. Therefore, evaluation criteria for successful cooperatives are broader and more complex than those for other business entities. The report concludes by recommending measures such as defining evaluation standards for successful cooperatives in annual cooperative-sector festivals and establishing a national ranking and scoring system for cooperatives.

Abstract Road safety is one of the most important dimensions of the transportation system and a major challenge for modern societies, with direct impacts on public health, social costs, and national economic sustainability. Traffic accidents result not only in human casualties but also substantial financial losses for households and the government, reducing citizens’ sense of safety when using the road network. Consequently, managing driver behavior and reducing traffic violations is a key policy priority in the transport sector. Risky driving behaviors—such as speeding, unsafe overtaking, failure to yield, using mobile phones while driving, and driving under the influence—are major contributors to traffic accidents and increased crash severity. Effective mitigation requires deterrent policies that are not only legally strict but also socially acceptable to drivers. Past experience shows that simply increasing fines does not necessarily reduce violations without considering public attitudes and reactions. The effectiveness of traffic fines depends heavily on factors such as proportionality between the seriousness of the violation and fine severity, certainty of law enforcement, and public trust in responsible institutions. How authorities address high-risk violations and the transparency of spending from fine revenues also influence perceived fairness and social acceptance of these policies. Studying residents’ opinions on the deterrence of traffic fines, the manner in which penalties are applied, and their preferences for allocating fine revenues provides a solid foundation for policy reform, awareness programs, and ultimately improving road safety and reducing accidents.

Abstract The Mellat Public Opinion Center conducted this survey in October 2024. The survey population included all individuals aged 18 and above in all cities across the country. A total of 1,000 questionnaires were collected through telephone interviews. The purpose of the survey was to assess public perception of the state of air transport in Iran.
Key findings:
Preferences of urban residents for intercity travel modes
·        For long-distance intercity travel, 60.9 percent of respondents preferred private cars, 14.6 percent buses, minibuses, or vans, 8.4 percent trains, 7.6 percent airplanes, and 3.8 percent intercity taxis.
 
Use of air transport
·         Most respondents (77.7 percent) stated they had not traveled by airplane at all during the past two years. Meanwhile, 7.9 percent had flown once, 4.8 percent twice, 2.7 percent three times, and 5.4 percent four times or more domestically.
·        45.6 percent confirmed that in the previous two years there had been at least one trip they wished to take by plane but opted for another mode. Among these individuals, 56.4 percent chose private cars, 24.1 percent buses/minibuses/vans, 15.6 percent trains, and 2 percent intercity taxis as their alternative.
·        The primary reason for not choosing air travel was high ticket prices (79.4 percent). Other reasons included unavailability of tickets (8.1 percent), distance of airports from origin or destination (4.4 percent), and lack of suitable flight times (1.1 percent).
·        Main purposes of these trips were: religious pilgrimage (34.4 percent), leisure (34.2 percent), work-related (19.1 percent), medical (6.8 percent), and educational (1.1 percent).
·        When asked about their willingness to purchase tickets priced at 2, 3, and 4 million tomans, 72.7 percent found 2-million-toman tickets acceptable, 47 percent accepted 3 million, and 32.9 percent found 4 million tomans acceptable.

Abstract Rapid urban population growth, widespread dependence on critical infrastructure, and intensifying modern threats necessitate reconsideration of urban management approaches. Smart cities—rooted in advanced digital technologies—enable real-time monitoring, threat prediction, and integrated data management. However, due to the vulnerability of smart systems to cyberattacks, alternative solutions must always be considered, especially in wartime and postwar conditions.
Pre‑war preparedness in smart cities includes threat scenario analysis and simulation using GIS and digital twin models, citizen training and participation through digital tools, and integration of IoT systems for monitoring and early warning.
Post‑war smart city planning models involve response and robustness, recovery and adaptation, and preparedness and transformation.
Given the novelty of this topic in Iran, this study serves as an initial entry point. Based on comparative analysis of global best practices, key policy recommendations include:
-          Establishing an integrated urban command-and-control center (aggregating data from cameras, sensors, and citizen applications and enabling multiagency coordination)
-         ocalizing standards and regulations (e.g., developing a smart civil-defense audit checklist for cities)
-         Preparing a national roadmap for managing smart cities before and after war
-         Designing organizational structures and institutions for smart urban management
-         Implementing resilient smart‑city pilot projects in high‑risk cities
-         Developing hazard‑index maps and crowdsourced mapping systems

Abstract Under Article (134) of the Direct Taxation Law and Subparagraph “14” of Paragraph “B” of Article (9) of the Value Added Tax Law, licensed sports clubs accredited by the Ministry of Sports and Youth are exempt from taxation. Due to the lack of accurate data on the extent of such exemptions, this report uses three estimation–statistical methods to calculate an average tax loss of 2.982 billion tomans resulting from this policy in 2023. This significant cost coincides with rising physical inactivity—now exceeding 70 percent—and continued noncompliance with government‑approved service tariffs. Tax exemptions currently apply to all licensed sports clubs, although their roles in providing affordable sports services vary greatly. Rather than eliminating exemptions altogether and deregulating prices, the report proposes targeted tax‑discount packages, including zero VAT rates and zero or tiered income‑tax rates. Compliance with approved sports‑service tariffs would make clubs eligible for these exemptions, while noncompliant clubs would face penalties. To ensure the profitability of various types of sports clubs, the Cabinet should annually approve sports‑service tariffs based on factors such as geographic location, service quality, and annual inflation. Tariffs should include explicit production‑cost and reasonable‑profit components for private, cooperative, governmental, and quasi‑public clubs. Tax revenues should be allocated to comprehensive public‑sports development policies centered on compliant sports clubs.

Abstract Social‑harm governance—particularly the coordination and synergy of sectors at multiple levels—is one of the core challenges in managing the wide range of social harms and the numerous actors involved in implementing control and reduction policies. Revisiting and analyzing international experiences can serve as a pioneering strategy in this field. This report examines Australia’s governance system for managing social harms. The country’s federal structure—where powers are divided among the federal government, states, and territories—creates a multilayered framework for addressing harms such as addiction, divorce, child‑related harm, suicide, and homelessness. Governance occurs through collaboration among multiple institutions at different levels. At the federal level, key ministries such as the Department of Social Services and the Department of Health play strategic roles by formulating national strategies, while policy implementation and service delivery are largely the responsibilities of state governments. States also have discretion to design and tailor policies to local needs and conditions. Three coordination mechanisms—vertical (between the federal government and states via the National Cabinet), horizontal (among states and local governments), and cross‑sectoral (with the nonprofit sector and civil society)—have strengthened policy implementation. The Australian experience highlights the importance of clarifying responsibilities, enhancing coordination mechanisms, and promoting nonprofit‑sector participation as key components of successful social‑harm governance.

Abstract Mental health is a key dimension of overall health and faces significant challenges both globally and in Iran. According to this study, issues include: lack of a national roadmap for improving mental health; insufficient funding; inadequate depth and breadth of insurance coverage; shortage of mental‑health human resources; insufficient attention to mental‑health rehabilitation; challenges in caring for unidentified individuals in hospitals; low mental‑health literacy among the population; treatment‑centric health‑system orientation; inadequate integration of mental‑health promotion into organizational programs; high costs and inappropriate service tariffs; fragmentation of institutions providing counseling and psychological services; lack of effective legal protection for individuals with mental disorders; and insufficient establishment of secure facilities within judicial jurisdictions to house mentally ill offenders or individuals who develop insanity after committing offenses subject to discretionary punishment. To address these challenges, recommended actions include: drafting and adopting a comprehensive policy document and operational plan; allocating adequate government funding; strengthening insurance coverage; expanding preventive programs; enhancing community‑based centers; leveraging social‑support organizations for the care of unidentified individuals; strengthening forensic mental‑health custody centers; promoting mental‑health literacy; and expanding training programs to ensure adequate supply and distribution of specialized mental‑health professionals.

Abstract Governments are obligated to understand, problematize, and solve public issues, and citizens expect no less. However, these tasks must be accomplished with minimal cost and maximal effectiveness; otherwise, the government’s representational role is undermined. The widely offered response to these expectations is “smartification”: governance grounded in transparency, collaboration, participation, and interoperability. Traditionally, smartification has been equated with technology‑driven governance or e‑government—defined primarily through three indicators: online services, reduced human involvement, and elimination of paper‑based inquiries in service delivery. Yet, if smartness is treated as a process condition applied across all four layers of governance—policy‑making, facilitation, regulation, and service delivery—the nature of smart governance fundamentally changes. Neglecting these aspects has delayed progress toward a smart government and underscores the need to structure and redefine the problem of governmental smartification. This study shifts the mindset of legislative and executive officials from an unproblematic view of smartification to a problem‑focused perspective and systematically organizes the potential and actual viewpoints regarding smartification within a governance framework.

Abstract In contemporary times, the formation of Islamic councils as symbols of public participation in local affairs reflects a shift from centralized state administration toward localized power distribution. Officially established in 1999 under Article 7 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, these councils trace their origins to Imam Khomeini’s historic decree in May 1979. Within Iran’s legal structure, councils are categorized into basic (village and city councils) and higher‑level bodies (district, county, provincial councils, and the Supreme Council of Provinces). The Supreme Council of Provinces plays a key role in policy‑making, oversight, and coordination and holds the constitutional right to directly submit legislative proposals to the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Due to legal and administrative challenges and the limited expertise of some members, the Council has not fully achieved its intended effectiveness. This study identifies the capacities, shortcomings, and requirements for strengthening the role of the Supreme Council of Provinces by examining its functions in local management and national policy‑making. It also proposes solutions for revitalizing and empowering this significant institution.

Abstract This report examines the various dimensions and requirements of drafting legislative evaluation reports. Such reports serve as essential tools in policy‑making, improving decision‑making quality and enhancing the performance of executive programs. To clarify and improve the evaluation process, this report proposes a robust theoretical structure and methodology through an extensive literature review, comparative analysis of evaluation reports from different countries, and identification of related procedural requirements. Findings indicate that major challenges include unclear evaluation objectives, inconsistent data, neglect of methodological standards, and other issues that may lead to inaccurate analyses and reduced credibility of results. The study also identifies seven essential stages in drafting evaluation reports:
-         Preliminary steps (objective setting, approach selection, dimension identification, and other considerations)
-         Developing the theoretical evaluation framework
-         Identifying information‑gathering tools and evaluation indicators
-         Analyzing information and evaluation results
-         Interpreting results and presenting recommendations
-         Quality review of reports
-         Publication and application of evaluation findings
Additionally, examining stakeholder roles, evaluation institutions, and modern technologies in report drafting is crucial. The study also highlights the importance of political‑system type (authoritarian vs. democratic) and the influence of social or economic crises on evaluation approaches. Overall, applying structured principles and approaches in drafting evaluation reports can significantly improve policy and program optimization.

Abstract Despite a long history of crisis management, Iran’s crisis‑management processes have faced substantial volatility, and achieving an optimal and effectively implemented system remains a persistent challenge. Given the critical importance of crisis management and lessons from recent crises, this report uses a meta‑synthesis method to organize key concepts, approaches, vulnerabilities, and solutions at a macro level. Identified systemic vulnerabilities include neglect of crisis management, negative politicization, weaknesses in planning and policy‑making, weak implementation, and deficiencies in evaluation. The report proposes a framework for an effective crisis‑management system based on principles such as risk prevention and reduction, preparedness and effective response, and reconstruction and rehabilitation. It emphasizes the necessity of networked and multilevel governance under a unified strategic command structure. The final section highlights the unique role of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and recommends measures such as shifting legislation from reactive to preventive approaches, institutionalizing public participation and community‑based governance, establishing accountability and continuous‑learning structures, and securing stable resources for resilience building.

Abstract Addiction is one of Iran’s most widespread and high‑priority social harms, and both governance institutions and public opinion broadly agree on the need to address it. Since the Islamic Revolution, policymakers have actively sought effective interventions and updated approaches to confronting this issue. The Anti‑Narcotics Law, adopted in 1988 by the Expediency Council, has been amended three times (1997, 2010, and 2017). Based on expert assessments and feedback from executive bodies, the law still contains gaps and shortcomings. Consequently, the government submitted an amendment bill, registered as No. 223 and introduced to Parliament on 1 January 2025. The bill contains five articles and six notes, two of which address addiction treatment, harm reduction, and institutional division of labor. This report evaluates these two articles and offers policy‑legislative recommendations. Findings indicate that to enhance the effectiveness of the Anti‑Narcotics Law in treatment and harm reduction, Articles 15 and 16 require substantial revision, and additional provisions related to prevention and oversight mechanisms should be added.

Abstract More than 90 percent of services provided by Iran’s State Welfare Organization are delivered through nongovernmental centers and institutions (approximately 20,000 entities). However, the organization’s financial‑interaction model with these institutions suffers from fundamental problems. A major challenge is the severe income gap and financial losses experienced by these organizations due to the Welfare Organization’s reimbursement of only a small fraction of actual costs. This has led to reduced service quality, unfair staff wages, and even closure of some institutions. Additionally, the current cooperation model is inconsistent with laws such as Article 88 of the Law on Regulating Part of the Government’s Financial Regulations and Article 13 of the Civil Service Management Law. Legal ambiguities and misinterpretations—such as those related to Article 7 of the Law on the Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities—have caused the Welfare Organization to pay only partial subsidies rather than full cost‑based payments. These conditions harm the institutions themselves, reduce service quality for beneficiaries, and create financial hardship for personnel. Proposals include reimbursing nongovernmental centers based on actual service costs, revising and clarifying relevant regulations, annulling defective directives through the Administrative Justice Court, amending cost‑compensation laws, and increasing transparency and oversight of the Welfare Organization and supervised institutions. Implementation of these reforms can improve service quality, support institutional staff, prevent closures, and strengthen social welfare services for beneficiaries.

Abstract In Iran’s pension funds, due to the provision of defined benefits, preserving the value of assets to meet intergenerational obligations is of critical importance. Extensive focus on controlling enterprises and investing in real estate has transformed pension funds into multi‑sector holding companies, making efficient asset management more complex. This report examines the necessity of reforming investment structures and adopting a value‑chain approach to enhance coordination, efficiency, and value creation. The findings indicate that establishing supply chains and value‑creation networks in key industries such as steel and mining—through professional and integrated management—can generate synergy among different segments, improve operational performance, and strengthen competitive advantage. Missing links in these chains require targeted investment and completion. Other industries, such as copper, should be divested if specialized management cannot be ensured. Investment in improving operational mining capacity and advanced technologies can also increase the profitability of pension funds. A value‑chain perspective, alongside other reform strategies, provides a sustainable and efficient path for preserving asset value.

Abstract Those who look to the past rather than the future may possess a more comprehensive outlook than those claiming sharp foresight into the future. Over the past two centuries, as Iranians inevitably encountered the military, political, economic, social, and cultural products of modernity, the country faced various crises. Consequently, the question of why Iran (and more broadly Asia and the East) differs from the West—and therefore “what should be done?”—has occupied the intellectual space of many Iranian scholars, writers, and socio‑political activists. With the emergence of the historical approach in the West since the mid‑nineteenth century, historical analysis and reference to historical differences between Iran and the West gradually became a dominant strategy in responding to these questions, leading to the formation of various narratives about Iran’s historical identity. In effect, normative propositions about the future became oriented toward “grand narratives of Iranian history,” which later took on a more theoretical form within the framework of Iranian historical sociology. This study aims to review different types of grand historical narratives of Iran and the historical‑sociological theories based on them, and to derive scenarios of the “national dream” and “future Iran” from their perspectives. In this paper, five types of such theories are distinguished through qualitative analysis, and key illustrative examples of each are examined. Their future‑oriented implications for the national dream and the future of Iran are also briefly compared and evaluated.

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Abstract In a knowledge‑based economy, the commercialization of inventions is one of the most important mechanisms for transforming knowledge and technology into economic value, industrial growth, and sustainable development. Patent registration, as the core of the intellectual property system, grants temporary exclusive rights that allow inventors and firms to capture returns on their innovation investments. However, focusing solely on increasing the number of patent registrations without establishing complementary institutions and policies has limited effectiveness in commercialization. According to this study, in Iran the share of legal entities such as companies—where the likelihood of commercialization is higher—in patent registrations is less than 10 percent. As a result, commercialization faces significant challenges. These challenges are categorized into internal and external organizational factors. Internal challenges relate to corporate structure, culture, capacity, and behavior, while external challenges include market conditions, institutional environments, legal infrastructure, intermediary institutions, and competitive dynamics. The interaction of these challenges has created a “deep gap between patent registration and commercialization.” Consequently, inventions often shift from being economic assets to becoming low‑impact administrative documents, limiting their contribution to industrial development, productivity growth, technological competitiveness, and technology exports. Under these conditions, coordinated structural reforms and multi‑level policymaking are essential—reforms that position patent registration at the center of the country’s industrial‑policy architecture and facilitate the transformation of technology into economic value.

Abstract An examination of the housing and urban development provisions in the 1405 national budget bill indicates that although an annex has been included to align the provisions with the Seventh Development Plan, the annex is not sufficiently comprehensive or convincing in terms of content and practical alignment. To implement Article 182 of the Parliament’s internal regulations and to create the necessary framework for monitoring the implementation of the development program, the specific provisions of the Seventh Plan related to housing and urban development must be clarified in the budget bill in terms of whether they will be implemented or remain unfunded.  Analysis of budget figures and growth trends for institutions responsible for housing and urban development shows that, except for a few cases such as the National Housing Fund—which still faces resource shortages—the growth of allocations for other institutions is not consistent with the country’s general inflation rate and in some cases is even lower. Overall, the orientation of the 1405 budget bill in this sector focuses on increasing capital expenditures, strengthening funds, and supporting large‑scale projects, while some support, policy‑making, and research institutions face limited resource growth or even budget reductions. Proposed amendments to the bill include restructuring revenue and expenditure frameworks, strengthening support functions, and enhancing targeted government intervention. On the revenue side, a redesigned progressive insurance premium for residential units with electricity connections—based on consumption levels—is proposed to create a stable funding source for the National Housing Fund and allocate it to subsidizing rental deposits for low‑income tenants and renovating inefficient urban fabrics. On the expenditure side, increasing the ceiling of the Natural Disaster Insurance Fund and providing low‑interest housing loans for support groups are evaluated as measures to reduce social consequences of reconstruction delays, prevent the expansion of informal settlements, and fulfill the requirements of Article 31 of the Constitution. Additional proposals include defining new revenue lines, establishing independent budget lines to create synergy among housing, industry, and mining sectors, strengthening urban‑renewal programs, and increasing allocations to target areas and the National Housing Fund. Measures such as compensating municipal revenue losses, revising development policies considering time‑related project erosion, and utilizing international partnerships and foreign‑currency resources for strategic projects are also suggested to complete value chains and improve investment effectiveness.

Abstract This report examines revenue generation by sports clubs through support from shareholder industries (case study: Esteghlal Football Club) and its implications for club economics, financial transparency, fair competition, and public interest. Findings indicate that in successful global clubs, television broadcasting rights, match‑day revenues, sponsorships, and sports‑related commercial activities constitute the main revenue sources. However, in Iranian clubs the share of broadcasting rights is approximately zero percent, and match‑day revenues are very small. Consequently, most operational income is derived from support by shareholder industries. Despite this, clubs continue to operate at a loss, and the wage‑to‑revenue ratio remains high. The proposal to grant oil and petrochemical transport ships to Esteghlal Club as a solution for “sustainable revenue generation” effectively represents the transfer of productive commercial assets and the creation of a continuous income source unrelated to the club’s internal capacities. Such a model does not rely on endogenous revenue generation and, considering the shareholding structure of the Persian Gulf Holding Company (which includes public shareholders), conflicts with the principle of protecting public shareholder interests. This revenue model strengthens soft budget constraints and increases financial inequality among clubs, potentially weakening financial transparency and fair competition within the league. Therefore, it is recommended that ownership of unrelated economic assets by professional clubs be restricted and that the share of sports‑related revenues in their income structures be increased.

Abstract This report examines the position of the agriculture and natural resources sector in the 1405 national budget bill. Allocations for the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad and its affiliated agencies have increased by 50 percent compared with the approved figures for 1404. The growth rates of general and dedicated budgets for executive agencies in the agriculture and natural resources sector are 43.1 percent and 87.6 percent respectively. Despite these increases, the share of credits allocated to the “agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting” chapter within economic‑affairs expenditures has decreased by 0.9 percentage points compared with the approved amounts for 1404. The sale of wheat at non‑subsidized prices and the reform of the preferential exchange rate for the import of essential agricultural goods are among the notable aspects of the 1405 budget bill. Failure to consider the requirements for maintaining domestic production could result in significant negative consequences. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 182 of the Parliament’s internal regulations and to enable effective monitoring of the implementation of the development program, relevant provisions of the Seventh Development Plan concerning agriculture and natural resources should be clearly addressed in the budget bill in terms of whether financial resources have been allocated for their implementation.

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