Reports

Abstract The present report analyzes the root causes of the decline in the quality of human resource recruitment in the education system. Findings show that despite recent policy efforts toward merit based selection, multiple structural, legal, and supervisory challenges have hindered the realization of these policy objectives. At the structural level, administrative centralization, the inefficiency of the human resource forecasting system based on demographic data, and the deficiency of integrated information systems have resulted in mass recruitments, regional imbalances, and the simultaneous occurrence of shortages and surpluses of human resources. In the legal domain, contradictions resulting from discriminatory quota allocations, the disorder of the teachers’ job classification system, and ambiguity in the operational definition of teaching competency have weakened recruitment and merit based selection. Furthermore, the declining attractiveness of the teaching profession and the erosion of teachers’ social status—due to livelihood challenges and a weak welfare system—have hindered the attraction of top talents to the teaching profession. On the other hand, the skills gap arising from the mismatch between the teaching competency model and today’s technological requirements has created challenges for teachers’ effectiveness in meeting the needs of educational environments. Therefore, to strengthen and improve the efficiency of the teacher recruitment system, policy and legislative recommendations are proposed, including redefining the recruitment pathway in a stepwise manner based on stage based and field evaluations; amending employment laws such as the Law on Service Commitment to the Ministry of Education; revising the Selection Law; establishing a Human Capital Deputyship within the Ministry of Education; approving indicators, criteria, and standards of teaching competency in the form of a comprehensive human resource document within a higher level authority such as the Islamic Consultative Assembly or the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution; reforming the job classification system in accordance with technological changes; revising discriminatory quotas and privileges in recruitment examinations; and establishing transparent supervisory mechanisms for verifying teaching competencies.

Abstract

Abstract Maintaining the economic independence of the mosque institution is one of the foundations of its social function. Sub clause “2,” Clause “P,” Article (76) of the Seventh Development Plan pays special attention to this issue and requires municipalities and rural district offices to issue cultural, commercial, and administrative land use permits free of charge for mosque owned lands up to 500 square meters with the aim of promoting financial self sufficiency in mosque administration. This provision plays a significant role in revitalizing the social role of mosques because, by facilitating non governmental financing, it strengthens the mosque’s economic independence—one of the key pillars of its sustainability. The supervisory report of the Planning and Budget Organization regarding the first year of implementation reveals a lack of cooperation among responsible agencies in the oversight process. Therefore, the present report examines the implementation status of this sub clause and the necessary measures for improving its performance. The analysis shows that not only was the intended provision not included in the 2025 executive directives, but also municipalities lacked a unified approach. The main implementation challenges include: 1.         The interpretability of the legal text; 2.         Weak supervisory mechanisms and the relative independence of municipalities; 3.         The absence of a central authority for mosque affairs. Therefore, the following recommendations are proposed: “Issuing implementation guidelines for Sub clause ‘2,’ Clause ‘P,’ Article (76) of the Seventh Development Plan within the 2026 executive directive of Sub clause ‘1,’ Article (2) of the Law on Sustainable Revenues and Expenditures of Municipalities and Rural District Offices,” “Mobilizing public participation, philanthropists, and endowers to activate the potential of this provision,” and “Conducting nationwide spatial planning for mosques.”

Abstract Iran, as a crossroads of international geography, has always hosted migrants from different countries, particularly neighboring ones. In recent years, with the increasing influx of Afghan migrants, the management of foreign nationals and policymaking for them has become a governmental necessity. Along this path, policymakers and implementers have suffered from a lack of policymaking, goal‑setting, and accurate identification of capacities and threats. The migrant issue is a global matter, and different countries of the world have established various regulations based on their indicators and characteristics. These policies can offer lessons for Iran. This text seeks to identify and describe desirable policies adopted by various developed and neighboring countries that have been successful, so that they may be localized after extraction. The countries examined in this text include Canada, Japan, Germany, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Australia. Policymaking in these countries is generally based on a consistent macro‑level perspective, precise planning, controlling the presence of migrants according to needs, social integration, utilizing the economic and demographic capacities of migrants, skill‑orientation, and the requirements of the host society. The text recommends that after ensuring control over border entries, Iran should move toward selectivity among applicants for presence in the country and toward utilizing migrant capacities—especially in the economic domain—while also respecting hosting norms derived from the discourse of the Islamic Revolution and Iran’s historical outlook toward its neighbors. In the field related to students and seminary scholars, the utilization of scientific, talent‑based, and economic capacities should also be prioritized.

Abstract Since the registration of national monuments and the delineation of their protective boundaries are accompanied by loss of benefit for property owners, addressing methods of compensating ownership rights constitutes a necessary part of the registration process. Despite emphasis on compensating ownership rights in the Seventh Development Plan, no effective legal measures have yet been taken to develop different methods. Therefore, the present report aims to gain a comparative understanding of the actions taken by several countries regarding strategies for compensating ownership rights resulting from registration and boundary delineation, as well as identifying subsidiary and involved agencies in this form of compensation. The findings indicate that the countries studied, alongside direct financial methods for compensating owners, also utilize indirect financial and non‑financial mechanisms such as transfer of development rights, granting land‑use change permits, enabling transfer of building rights and density, and more. Based on the practices of the selected countries, and considering the limited share of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism in the national budget, it is recommended that—with the cooperation of subsidiary agencies—strategies for compensating ownership rights through national and world‑heritage registration be emphasized. In particular, submitting a bill for an integrated document on compensating ownership rights in heritage boundaries by the government to the Islamic Consultative Assembly, followed by oversight from the Parliament’s Cultural Commission, is recommended to ensure the legal action specified in Clause “P,” Article (83). Establishing transferable tax credits, issuing participatory value‑addition permits for revenue‑generating cultural use, implementing modified easement rights combined with transferable building rights/density, and providing free technical consultation are additional proposed measures in this domain.

Abstract Artificial intelligence is recognized not only as an advanced technology but also as a multi‑layered phenomenon that influences deep cultural, social, economic, and epistemic layers. Using the “Causal Layered Analysis” method, this report examines the root causes of issues and challenges surrounding AI development in Iran. This method moves beyond surface‑level issues—such as news and media narratives—and penetrates the deeper layers of systemic structures, dominant discourses, and, ultimately, collective unconscious metaphors and myths. In this study, AI is analyzed across eight key dimensions: human resources, economy and investment, governance, jurisprudence, knowledge and technology, technical infrastructure, sociocultural dimensions, and international relations. In each dimension, four analytical layers are examined: litany (objective and news‑based issues), social and systemic causes, discourse and worldview, and myth and metaphor. The findings show that the real issues of AI lie in much deeper layers, and shifting foundational metaphors—such as transitioning from “AI as a weapon” to “AI as knowledge and public literacy”—can facilitate transformation in policies, strategies, and practical actions. With a future‑oriented and transformative outlook, this report presents alternative scenarios and comprehensive policy recommendations in each dimension to move toward a desirable, justice‑oriented, human‑centered, and value‑based future in the age of artificial intelligence.

Abstract Many local and small museums, for reasons such as low visitor turnout, lack of specialized staff, and unsuitable geographical locations, are unable to cover even their operational costs. The present study examines the experiences of the United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, India, Turkey, and Japan, which have successfully supported the survival of their small museums. The results show that governments adopt two categories of actions: demand‑stimulation and supply‑stimulation measures. To stimulate demand, governments have used tools such as joint promotional campaigns with municipalities and tourism platforms, national museum cards (which in fact stimulate both supply and demand), school and university museum‑visitation programs, and measures enabling museum participation in cultural events and international exhibitions. To encourage supply, a combination of tax exemptions and incentives, operational grants, insurance coverage for loaned artworks, facilitation of private‑sector participation and corporate social responsibility, as well as technological empowerment and training in income‑generation skills (such as cultural‑product shops) has been implemented. Among the specific recommendations of this report is offering a museum card with special conditions for various social groups, including students. Through a combined benefits package, this card enables easier and more affordable access to certain small and local museums.

Abstract Digital transformation in legislative institutions is recognized as a key requirement for modern governance in the age of information technology. This study has been conducted to analyze international experiences and present an operational framework for implementing a digital parliament in Iran. The research methodology is based on a comparative study of successful cases of parliamentary digitalization in other countries and the analysis of organizational, technical, and legal requirements. The findings show that for successful implementation of a digital parliament, a comprehensive framework must be considered—one that includes elements such as digital policymaking, drafting laws and standards, improving digital literacy, deploying modern technologies, information integration, ensuring social inclusion, media transparency, digital citizen participation, intelligent use of data, evidence‑based decision‑making, and continuous oversight. The experience of leading countries in this field emphasizes the necessity of simultaneously empowering representatives, strengthening security infrastructure, and developing appropriate legal frameworks. The analysis of challenges further reveals the importance of managing the balance between transparency and control. Moreover, limiting unreasonable uses of data and recognizing the active role of individuals in social processes are essential for ensuring social inclusion. The findings of this study offer an operational model for the digital transformation of the Islamic Consultative Assembly that, while leveraging technological capacities, ensures balance between innovation and safeguarding democratic principles.

Abstract The protection of museum collections has received more attention in today’s world than in the past, because it has become clear that cultural identity and historical memory are shaped not only by exhibited objects but also by the vast number of artifacts stored in repositories. In general and in practice, only a very small portion of collections is visible in galleries, and as a challenge—in some museums, more than ninety percent of artifacts are kept in spaces often located in basements, deteriorated buildings, or flood‑ and earthquake‑prone high‑risk areas. At the same time, the rapid growth of collections, limited financial and human resources, and the lack of and insufficient attention to unified standards for site selection, design, and operation of storage facilities have intensified the vulnerability and risk of losing this hidden memory. This makes planning in this field—especially in countries that pay less attention to it—urgently necessary. Using a comparative approach, this study examines the experiences of seven countries—Netherlands, France, Turkey, Japan, the United States of America, Russia, and Ukraine—in dealing with threats such as floods, earthquakes, and war. The findings show that the essential condition for the success of safe storage facilities is pre‑crisis design. None of the countries relied on a single mega‑repository; instead, they used networks of nearby, off‑site, shared, and temporary or container‑based storage facilities. Through prioritization of objects, non‑structural improvement of existing storage spaces, designing resilient structures with seismic isolation, and integrating safe storage with conservation, research, training, and digitalization of artifact records, they have enhanced the resilience of their collections.

Abstract The continuity of education during an imposed war is an unavoidable necessity and one of the key components of societal resilience. The suspension of in‑person schooling as of 28 February 2026 and the transfer of educational processes to virtual platforms and non‑in‑person methods—although enabling the continuation of teaching—have created significant issues and challenges for educational quality, learning deepening, and educational equity. Similar to the period of the COVID‑19 outbreak, if policies appropriate to these conditions are not adopted, irreparable consequences for the national education system will follow. Issues such as the reduction of effective instruction time in virtual education, methodological limitations of non‑in‑person teaching and the decline of educational interactions, limited access of a considerable portion of students to technological tools, reduced credibility of assessments, and increased psychological pressures resulting from the war have created a set of serious threats for students. The present report, by analyzing and explaining the most important issues affecting educational quality under the conditions arising from the imposed Ramadan war, emphasizes the necessity of active, flexible policymaking tailored to the changing circumstances of different regions of the country. It also presents a framework of policy solutions and requirements to ensure instructional quality, maintain continuity in the teaching‑learning process, and prevent educational inequality and students’ academic decline during this period.

Abstract In recent decades, numerous exhibitions of Iranian antiquities—mostly belonging to the National Museum of Iran—have been held abroad (particularly the China exhibition in 2024). Despite the benefits of such initiatives, especially in expanding cultural interactions between Iran and the host countries of these exhibitions, it still remains unclear whether the removal of cultural‑historical assets from the country conflicts with Principle (83) of the Constitution and the laws that reference the prohibitions stated in this principle. Although these items have not yet been classified and declared as national treasures by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts, given their cultural‑historical‑artistic value and the uniqueness of some of them, they may fall within the category of national and exceptional treasures. Therefore, they constitute irreplaceable assets belonging to the people of Iran, and their removal from the country, due to possible risks and hazards, inevitably poses a threat to Iran’s cultural heritage. This report briefly addresses the legal dimensions and challenges of holding such exhibitions and recommends that until the determination of national treasures through the enactment of a law implementing Principle (83), any action involving the removal of Iranian masterpieces be halted. To sustain inter‑museum interactions and introduce valuable Iranian artifacts to the world—particularly in line with tourism‑development policies and programs in Iran—it is recommended that exhibitions of museum cultural‑historical assets be held within Iran.

Abstract Connected vehicles, as dynamic components of the Internet‑of‑Things ecosystem, enable data exchange with their surrounding environment and, by leveraging technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data, create extensive capacity for analysis, monitoring, and optimization. Considering global trends and the forecast that approximately 95 percent of new vehicles worldwide will be equipped with this technology by 2030, this report identifies and examines six national priority areas for effective utilization of this opportunity. These areas include reducing fuel‑imbalance challenges, reducing road‑accident damages and fatalities, improving vehicle safety, enhancing monitoring systems and insurance services, increasing public welfare, and developing the digital economy. The findings show that implementing connected‑vehicle technology can, through mechanisms such as behavioral‑data analytics, help reduce smuggling and inefficient fuel consumption. Furthermore, by utilizing systems such as the emergency‑call (E‑Call) system, it can facilitate the prediction and prevention of accidents. Additionally, using usage‑based insurance (UBI) models can play a significant role in reducing insurance fraud and enabling the emergence of new digital businesses.

Abstract In the age of information explosion and the expansion of modern technologies, legislative bodies face serious challenges in the lawmaking process. The prolongation of review procedures, insufficient use of expert data, weaknesses in documentation and information analysis, and inefficiencies in certain decision‑making mechanisms are among the main reasons necessitating the redesign of the internal processes of the Parliament. This report, in response to the growing need for evidence‑ and data‑based decision‑making, has been prepared with the aim of improving the quality of legislation, increasing transparency, and enhancing the efficiency of the legislative system. The findings of this study show that integrating the legislative‑information system through the implementation of a comprehensive process‑management platform, establishing a specialized data‑analysis unit to monitor legislative patterns, and strengthening inter‑organizational cooperation with executive bodies and academic institutions can reduce the time required for reviewing proposals and improve the quality of drafts. This data‑driven approach to legislation, through process standardization and improved feedback mechanisms, will pave the way toward an intelligent Parliament and an efficient legislative system.

Abstract This analysis, by examining Japan’s experiences in dealing with challenges such as population aging and the transition to a digital economy, seeks to provide policy recommendations for Iran’s economy. In response to these developments, Japan has developed emerging jobs in four key areas: technology and digital transformation (artificial intelligence and robotics), the green economy (renewable energy), the aging‑economy sector (healthcare and telemedicine), and creative industries (export of anime and video games). This trend has been accompanied by a shift from the traditional model of “lifetime employment” toward flexible and project‑based contracts. Inspired by these experiences, the following solutions are proposed for Iran: reforming the education system by establishing a dual‑education model through university‑industry cooperation and creating future‑skills centers for specialized training; supporting innovation by granting tax exemptions to knowledge‑based startups and establishing special technology zones to attract investment; redesigning labor laws by drafting a flexible labor law to support telework and project‑based contracts and creating comprehensive social insurance for platform workers; strategic investment focusing on developing robotics in agriculture and smart‑energy networks; and, finally, talent management through implementing return‑opportunity programs to attract Iranian specialists and defining national digitalization projects. Iran’s success in this path requires a combination of legal reforms, investment in technical education, and the creation of a dynamic innovation ecosystem responsive to global economic needs.

Abstract The present report addresses the redesign of the oversight processes of the internal regulations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly from the perspective of data analysis and utilization. The main objective of the report is to improve oversight processes using a data‑driven approach in order to enhance the efficiency, transparency, and targeting of parliamentary oversight. This report analyzes the oversight processes outlined in Chapter Three of the Parliament’s internal regulations, including written and verbal warnings, questioning ministers and the president, investigations and inquiries, selecting supervisory representatives in assemblies, and impeachments. The findings show that process analysis enables identifying critical areas in oversight, reducing the time required for handling oversight matters, optimizing resource allocation for oversight tools, and increasing the transparency of oversight processes. The main recommendation of the report is a transformation of the Parliament’s oversight approach as a result of intelligent data utilization and the realization of data‑driven oversight. Through analyzing oversight processes, this approach makes parliamentary oversight more effective and transparent and ensures efficient and effective implementation of laws while preventing violations within executive bodies.

Abstract This report examines the experiences of several social enterprises in Iran and evaluates their degree of alignment with the seven principles of social business. The findings indicate that social enterprises in Iran are distributed across a wide spectrum ranging from “entirely mission‑driven models lacking financial self‑sufficiency” to “commercial enterprises with secondary social impact.” Among the studied cases, two examples show the highest alignment with the social‑business model and have succeeded in linking social mission with market logic, although they face challenges in institutional, legal, and financial‑sustainability domains. In contrast, some other examples resemble profitable commercial enterprises whose social impact is a by‑product of economic activity rather than their primary mission. Comparative analysis shows that the key barriers facing social enterprises in Iran stem mainly from legal and institutional weaknesses, lack of a defined framework for social enterprises, absence of stable government support, financing challenges, and misalignment of insurance and tax regulations with the nature of social enterprises. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of the studied cases, the report provides a set of supervisory, policy, and legislative recommendations, including adapting legal entities for the establishment and operation of social enterprises, reforming supportive laws, creating financial, tax, and insurance incentives, establishing social‑innovation financing funds, and strengthening platforms for cooperation between government and social enterprises.

Abstract The smuggling of cultural‑historical property is one of the most significant challenges in the cultural‑heritage domain. By inflicting irreversible damage on national identity, it has continuously facilitated the looting and destruction of archaeological sites and historical artifacts. The 2021 amendments to the Law on Combating Smuggling of Goods and Currency—through including the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts as a member of the Central Headquarters for Combating Smuggling—have strengthened the necessary legal capacities for planning in prevention and countering this crime. Investigations show that the actions taken by this ministry regarding the law remain at initial and preliminary stages and that the executive capacities of the law can be utilized more efficiently. However, effective implementation of these capacities faces challenges such as the absence of an integrated system for registering and monitoring cases, weak public participation, limited financial resources, delays in using new technologies, and shortages in operational forces, all of which facilitate continued smuggling and illegal trade of artifacts. This report, using an analytical approach, proposes solutions including establishing a national system for managing smuggling cases, enhancing specialized training for enforcement officers, strengthening public‑based protection, developing inter‑organizational cooperation, and creating a specialized administrative structure. In addition, considering the various units of law‑enforcement forces as the largest discovery entity (including Border Police, Economic Security Police, Airport Police, and Railway Police), providing disaggregated statistics on the discovery of cultural‑historical artifacts can enable targeted planning.

Abstract Given the annual target of 40 million tons for land transit of goods by the end of the Seventh Development Plan, precise monitoring of this quantitative indicator is essential for oversight and policymaking in the field of international corridors. Errors in calculating the actual tonnage of transit goods result in incorrect assessments of Iran’s position within international corridors and misprioritization of required actions to enhance Iran’s role in these routes. The main sources of error in official land‑transit statistics are: “Calculating the weight of vehicles transporting transit goods lacking international transport documents as a cargo item” in customs statistics, with an annual average of 2 million tons (this error is absent from Ministry of Roads and Urban Development data); and “Classifying goods transported from entry points to free‑trade and special‑economic zones—which do not leave the country (mostly final imports)—as foreign‑transit procedure,” with an annual average of 1.2 million tons in customs statistics and 1.1 million tons in Ministry of Roads and Urban Development data. Correcting these errors in official customs statistics requires enabling traceability of transit goods within existing logistics systems. To refine executive‑branch data on annual land transit, it is recommended that—until customs statistics are corrected—the Parliament’s Civil Commission, through a resolution, adopt as the oversight basis “the official statistics of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development after subtracting the tonnage of transit goods entering free‑trade and special‑economic zones that do not exit the country.” Based on this, land‑transit tonnage for 2024 is estimated at 18.7 million tons.

Abstract In summer 2025, the industrial inventory index stood at 144.6, representing a 2.8 percent increase compared with the same quarter of the previous year. In this season, the ratio of industrial inventory to sales was also 0.41, which shows a significant increase compared with the same quarter of the previous year (0.34). In summer 2025, the mining inventory index was 92, showing a 23.8 percent decrease compared with the same quarter of the previous year. In this season, the ratio of mining inventory to sales was 0.46. Among industries, the basic‑metals industry showed a 13.7 percent increase in inventory index; the coke and refining industry showed a 16.7 percent decrease; the chemical‑products industry (excluding pharmaceuticals) showed a 6.5 percent decrease; and the automotive and parts industry showed a 10.9 percent increase compared with the same quarter of the previous year.

Abstract In the summer of 2025, drought conditions prevailed across most regions of the country. In addition to a reduction in rainfall, the average seasonal temperature reached an unprecedented 29.2°C, which is 1.4°C above the long‑term mean. The temporal alignment of precipitation was 70 percent, and the spatial distribution of rainfall showed slight heterogeneity compared with long‑term patterns. Extremely severe drought covered a large portion of the country, with more than 97 percent of the population living in drought‑affected areas. The impacts of this phenomenon appear unevenly across regions; therefore, reducing its consequences requires cross‑sectoral coordination and prioritization of the most essential water uses. In transboundary and shared basins—such as Helmand and Harirud, as well as large parts of the Tigris–Euphrates basin in Iraq—moderate to extremely severe drought prevailed, while in the upstream areas of these basins in Turkey, severe to extremely severe drought occurred. In the Aras River basin in Turkey, conditions also ranged from moderate to severe drought. By the end of summer 2025, the storage volume of the country’s reservoirs had decreased by one‑quarter compared with the previous year, reaching approximately 19 billion cubic meters, resulting in reduced hydropower generation and stress in supplying various water demands. In this quarter, 47 percent of the allocated water‑sector budget was disbursed, and the cumulative disbursement from the beginning of the year until the end of September reached over 50 percent. Additionally, some obligations under the Seventh Development Plan—such as drafting the national water diplomacy document—have achieved satisfactory progress; however, restructuring the subsidiary companies of the Ministry of Energy and initiating the national water‑data reference platform have shown limited or negligible progress.

Abstract Having a timely and reliable picture of developments in the country’s gross domestic product can substantially contribute to improved policymaking and more accurate monitoring of macroeconomic conditions. In light of delays by statistical authorities in this domain and repeated requests by members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly to address this deficiency and provide an up‑to‑date view of economic growth, the Research Center of Parliament has attempted to establish a computational framework through which the country’s economic growth can be estimated and published monthly and in the shortest possible time. According to the latest Central Bank statistics, in the first half of 2025, the country’s gross domestic product grew by −0.6 percent with oil and −0.8 percent without oil compared with the previous year. Based on the Center’s calculations, GDP growth at basic prices in January 2026 compared with the same month of the previous year is estimated at −0.4 percent, and non‑oil economic growth at −0.6 percent. Estimation results show that in January 2026 compared with the same month of the previous year, the value added of the “agriculture” group recorded −2 percent growth, the “oil” group +1 percent, the “industry and mining” group 0 percent, and the “services” group −0.9 percent. Furthermore, estimation of final‑expenditure components indicates that in January 2026 compared with the same month of the previous year, private‑sector final consumption declined by −2.9 percent, public‑sector final consumption by −3.8 percent, gross fixed capital formation by −12.9 percent, exports of goods and services by −2.7 percent, imports of goods and services by −12.4 percent, and GDP at market prices increased by 0.6 percent.

Abstract The concept of mixed‑use development in the tourism sector—addressed in Clause “Th” of Article (83) of the Seventh Development Plan—indicates that integrating accommodation, administrative, and commercial functions with tourism land‑use and its activities produces both positive outcomes, such as addressing land‑availability constraints and seasonal fluctuations in tourism demand, and negative consequences, such as intensifying land grabbing, speculative incentives, and land‑use changes along with keeping land inactive. The logic behind this approach is diversifying revenue streams, conserving land by concentrating development within designated zones, and reducing environmental and social conflicts through controlled planning. This study, through a comparative assessment of selected countries—including Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, the Philippines, Russia, and the United States—shows what measures these countries have implemented to enhance the advantages and manage the potential risks of mixed‑use tourism development. Across the studied cases, common challenges of mixed‑use tourism land‑use include potential expansion of land grabbing, leaving land inactive and speculative behavior, environmental risks in sensitive areas such as coastlines, fragmented regulations, and lengthy permitting processes. In response to these challenges, practical insights derived from the experiences of the studied countries point to several solutions, summarized as integrated governance and permitting, land‑value taxation and financial incentives, attention to legislation protecting environmentally sensitive zones, increased transparency through tools such as cadastral mapping, and taxation of mixed‑use tourism zones.