Reports

Abstract The aim of this report is to evaluate and analyze the support policies for the industrial sector in Iran within the framework of annual budget laws. The findings indicate that despite the economic problems in the country, the designed budgetary support policies have been insufficient compared to the damage inflicted on this sector. The results show that most of the supportive clauses and provisions aimed at the industrial sector have either not been implemented or have been implemented incompletely. Issues at the level of policy implementation, lack of coordination among executive bodies, differing interpretations of legal texts, and in some cases, insufficient understanding of the issues in the industrial sector and the failure to realize the financial resources allocated in the budget laws are among the reasons for the lack of success of the budget laws in achieving their objectives. Furthermore, the report's investigations reveal that many asset ownership projects have a long history, sometimes spanning several decades. This indicates a continuation of a long-term policy (e.g., projects to assist in the modernization of industries), which is an acceptable and important issue. However, regarding some projects, especially infrastructure projects, this is a weakness, as the prolonged duration of these projects prevents the created infrastructure from entering the economic activity cycle at the appropriate time, despite the financial burden imposed. One of the main reasons for the delay is the low allocation of resources compared to the approved budget for asset ownership projects. This situation will lead to a loss of the country's position in international competition in the medium and long term.

Abstract Considering the objectives stated in the Constitution and the higher-level documents of the system aimed at strengthening the family institution, identifying the trends in the transformations of female-headed households based on measurement indicators and data not only helps in understanding these households but also specifies their current and future needs and problems, providing a clear perspective for policymakers. Therefore, policymaking and planning for these households require specific statistical indicators along with up-to-date information. However, after the 2016 census, accurate and up-to-date data is not available. On the other hand, the statistical resources of the Iranian Welfare Information Database can only reflect the characteristics of female-headed households receiving subsidies, which does not provide a comprehensive view of all female-headed households at the national level. Additionally, the content analysis of national and institutional studies conducted in recent years indicates issues such as "ambiguity in the conceptual definition of female-headed households in the statistical system," "lack of accurate and up-to-date data," "absence of a comprehensive data bank," and "lack of coordination among the components of the statistical system." Therefore, it is suggested that to reform the country's statistical law, the "Iran Statistical System Plan" remaining from the eleventh parliament be reconsidered in the twelfth parliament with the condition of revising the provisions of the plan to meet the statistical needs of the country. Furthermore, to implement the seventh development program, the evaluation indicators for the status of female-headed households should be designed, and subsequently, the "Single Window System for Services Related to Female-Headed Households" should be established based on the designed indicators to identify, attract, and provide supportive and empowerment services.

Abstract The concept of cultural vitality reflects the share of culture and art in the daily lives of individuals in society and measures participation in the production and consumption of cultural goods or services. The idea of creative and innovative houses initially seemed to provide a suitable platform for reforming and strengthening the ecosystem of creative industries and an arena for enhancing cultural vitality. However, during the implementation phase, it experienced ups and downs. It has now gone through a period that allows for evaluation of how creative and innovative houses have acted from policymaking to execution in achieving a satisfactory and hopeful environment to strengthen public participation in the cultural sphere. Investigations show that creative houses currently emphasize technological aspects more than cultural participation. Given the concern for public participation in production, especially in the statements of the Supreme Leader, several strategies have been proposed to improve participation in the creative ecosystem: a) Leading creative houses by self-motivated and committed individuals outside the government framework as a link between public activism and governance; b) Monitoring creative houses based on issue-oriented actions and then making decisions about their development or dissolution; c) Organizing and guiding successful creative and innovative houses under the single article for establishing a global city of innovation and soft technologies and cultural and creative industries, approved on 2023/04/13 by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. It is necessary to shift support for creative houses from direct financial assistance to indirect support methods and move towards reducing dependency on the government, allowing cultural participation to create competitive advantages.

Abstract In the context of studying global experiences in the field of religious policy-making, examining the religious and propaganda policies of Turkey on a transnational scale can be significant due to this country's civilizational competition with the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Islamic world and its notable experiences in religious diplomacy from a functional perspective. After experiencing the ups and downs of Islamist movements in Turkey over several decades, the Justice and Development Party, an Islamist party, came to power in 2002, and Turkey's religious activities both domestically and abroad significantly expanded, centered around the Directorate of Religious Affairs. The most important religious and propaganda policies of Turkey on a transnational scale include highlighting Ottoman history, creating legitimacy and authority for itself, presenting a modern Turkish Islam based on hidden secularism, utilizing linguistic commonalities to advance religious diplomacy, and preserving the religious identity of Turks abroad. Some of the key features of Turkey's religious diplomacy include attention to audience analysis, managerial focus, the prominent role of non-governmental institutions, and a multi-faceted approach to religious diplomacy. Based on the research findings and considering the macro issues in the field of religious diplomacy in Iran today, the policy recommendations of the report include: restructuring the institutional architecture of religious diplomacy, including the head of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation and the head of the Red Crescent among the legal members of the Supreme Council of the Islamic Culture and Communications Organization, and supporting the expansion of religious and propaganda activities of non-governmental institutions on a transnational scale.

Abstract Some non-governmental groups are working as jihadi groups. The lack of appropriate regulation for the formation and activities of these groups necessitates suitable rule-making in this area. This research report uses content analysis to examine the laws related to the activities of jihadi groups that have been approved and implemented at various times since the Islamic Revolution from the perspective of participatory governance. The findings indicate that since the Islamic Revolution, we have witnessed three governance statuses regarding jihadi activities. In the formation period of the Jihad Construction (the first eight months after the victory of the Islamic Revolution) and also in the post-merger period (1999 to the present), there has been no specific governance over jihadi groups, and sufficient laws for the growth and support of jihadi groups have not been prepared. The participatory governance period occurred during the pre-ministerial phase (1979 to 1983), where governance regarding jihadi groups was participatory, and decision-making, execution, and supervision were mostly entrusted to the jihadists. The third type of governance was implemented during the Ministry of Jihad Construction (1983 to 1999), which was characterized by centralized (state-driven) governance over jihadi groups. Analyzing the various governance patterns over jihadi groups indicates that it is necessary to develop a law in this area inspired by the charter of the Jihad Construction plan for villages, tailored to the requirements of the second phase of the Islamic Revolution, allowing jihadi groups to maintain their independence while being empowered to make decisions, execute, and supervise based on their internal capacities.

Abstract Methanol, as a product based on natural gas feedstock, accounts for a significant share of the production and export of petrochemical products in the country. Currently, the production capacity of methanol in Iran is approximately 15.7 million tons per year, which is expected to increase to about 36 million tons per year by 2033 with the operation of ongoing projects. Given the plans to increase the production of this product in the country and its impacts, monitoring the market status and structure of this industry becomes crucial. Therefore, the aim of this report is to track the status of this industry in the country and globally using comparative studies. According to the results of this report, in 2022, the nominal production capacity of methanol worldwide was 140 million tons, demand was 92 million tons, and trade was about 33 million tons. China, with a production capacity of 72 million tons, demand of 55 million tons, and imports of 12.3 million tons, is the largest producer, consumer, and importer of methanol in the world. In 2023, approximately 10.2 million tons of methanol were produced in Iran, of which about 700,000 tons were consumed domestically, and over 93% of the produced methanol was exported. The results indicate that each country, based on the quantity and quality of available feedstock, its industrial capacity in downstream activities, market elasticity, and role in export markets, pursues a specific strategy for the development of the methanol industry. In this context, it is suggested to prepare a "Strategic Document for the Development of the Methanol Industry and Its Downstream Value Chain" for Iran's methanol industry.

Abstract Considering the importance of the industrial sector for the economic growth of the country and the need for a clear picture of the industrial sector in the early years of the implementation of the seventh development program, this report monitors and tracks important indicators of this sector leading to the first half of 2024. This report is prepared periodically and seasonally, and it is intended to use the latest updated statistics in the industrial sector. In this report, distinct from previous reports by the Research Center of the Parliament, in addition to providing information on the growth of production and sales in the industrial sector (publicly traded companies) and its major subsectors, it examines the macro status of the industry, operating licenses for industrial activities, and the business environment in the industrial sector by different industries. The findings indicate a decrease in the growth of the industrial sector since 2023, signaling a warning of entering a recession in this sector in 2024. Additionally, negative growth in production and sales of publicly traded industrial companies has been observed in the spring and summer of 2024. The results indicate that the pattern of recession in the industrial sector is more aligned with demand recession. It seems that if the current situation continues in the coming months, the demand recession in this sector will become more widespread. On the other hand, since 2020, there has been a noticeable decrease in investment for job creation in industrial activities. This indicates that industrial activities have shifted from capital-intensive to labor-intensive activities, but it also means that, on average, each industrial worker will operate with less capital in the industrial sector, which reflects a decrease in labor productivity growth.

Abstract Among the recent policies announced by the Supreme Leader, the "General Policies of Marine Development" were issued in 2023. This policy refers to spatial concepts such as sea, coast, offshore, shoreline, and hinterland, emphasizing the need to develop a comprehensive marine development plan with zoning for the sea, coast, and hinterland. The legislative history regarding spatial concepts related to water bodies and the sea in the country dates back about90 years, with the approval of the "Law on Determining the Limits of Coastal Waters and the Government's Supervisory Area in the Seas" in 1934. Over these 90 years, numerous laws have been enacted, and various terminologies and concepts have been used to define marine and coastal areas. Efforts in the field of integrated coastal zone management include the preparation of the "Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan" in the country, and the concepts used in this plan are also examined in this report. This report reviews the legislative history related to water bodies and adjacent lands and analyzes the concepts used in the specialized plan for integrated coastal zone management. It identifies the spatial concepts corresponding to the terminology used in the general policies of marine development and ultimately provides spatial definitions for each of the terms: sea, coast, offshore, shoreline, and hinterland, in accordance with laws, regulations, and specialized plans in the marine domain.

Abstract The clarification of regulations in the transportation sector is of great importance due to the multitude of related laws and regulations. In this regard, based on the Law on the Compilation and Clarification of Laws and Regulations of the Country, approved in 2010, the status of the regulations related to the transportation sector was differentiated by the Legal Affairs Department of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Out of 1,765 main regulations related to the transportation sector examined, 415 were identified as implicitly repealed and void, 450 as expired regulations, and 262 as explicitly repealed regulations.

Abstract Empowering, streamlining, and popularizing the diplomatic activities of the Twelfth Parliament through parliamentary assemblies, especially the Asian Parliamentary Assembly, significantly enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of Asian diplomacy. Intelligent participation of the Parliament and the government in international assemblies is part of the hybrid defense of the Islamic Republic of Iran and a remedy for countering the hybrid war and psychological operations of the United States aimed at isolating Iran in international forums. The art and skill of the parliamentary diplomats of the Twelfth Parliament should focus on identifying and designing systems for emerging fundamental issues and continental mega-challenges to facilitate diplomatic consensus among Asian parliaments. In this context, the establishment of the "Consortium of Library and Research Center Heads of the Asian Parliamentary Assembly" serves as a driving force for the convergence of Asian parliaments through knowledge and technology. The diplomatic consultations of Asian parliaments for holding the "Summit of Heads of Think Tanks of Major Asian Cities" also enhance the knowledge, skills, and diplomatic initiative of the Twelfth Parliament to create new opportunities in the framework of "Urban Management Parliamentary Diplomacy." Expanding diplomatic relations of the Twelfth Parliament with countries in the Central Asian geographic group and Commonwealth countries is another measure that will strengthen the foundations of parliamentary diplomacy. The initiative of the Twelfth Parliament to create a consultative council of friendship group heads of Asian parliaments and to maximize the benefits of parliamentary diplomacy due to the establishment of the permanent secretariat of the Asian Parliamentary Assembly in Tehran is another driving force for enhancing the activism of the Twelfth Parliament in strengthening the pillars of Asian diplomacy.

Abstract In November 2024, the production and sales index of publicly traded industrial companies experienced increases of 3.5% and 7.4% compared to the same month of the previous year. However, compared to the previous month, the production and sales indices decreased by 5.3% and 4.7 % respectively. In November 2024, the production and sales index for the automotive and parts sector decreased by 16.2% and 14.3% compared to the same month of the previous year, and also showed a decline of 22.4% and 13.3% compared to the previous month. Additionally, the production and sales index for the chemical sector, excluding pharmaceuticals, increased by 13.2% and 8.8% compared to the same month of the previous year, while it decreased by 9.1% and 9.2% compared to the previous month. In November 2024, the monthly growth rate of prices in publicly traded industrial activities increased by 1.8%, and the year-on-year growth rate rose by 2.4 percentage points compared to the previous month, reaching 22.3%. It is noteworthy that the annual average price index for publicly traded industrial activities in November 2024 decreased by 0.3 percentage points compared to the previous month, indicating an increase of 23.8%.  

Abstract Rural housing is a phenomenon that is physical, social, cultural, environmentally compatible, and, of course, economic. Therefore, it has always been linked to the livelihood and economy of villages. From this perspective, rural housing differs from urban housing, and it is essential that any policymaking in this area is conducted with greater sensitivity. The rural housing renovation and improvement plan is the most important policy implemented over the past 19 years aimed at renovating and improving rural housing in the country. Investigations show that this plan has achieved about 55% of its annual target, which is the construction of 200,000 housing units each year. The misalignment of facilities with inflation rates, the diversion of some facilities towards the construction of second homes, weaknesses related to the provision of facilities, and the lack of a framework for climate-compatible architecture are other issues facing this plan. The results indicate that this plan has been limited to providing financial facilities and has not utilized other policy tools to secure rural housing. Solutions such as targeted allocation of facilities to deprived rural areas and groups, adjusting the amount of facilities to inflationary conditions, considering facilities for land purchase for weaker groups, leveraging the capacity of the private sector and jihadi groups, regulating taxes on second and vacant homes in cities with populations under 100,000 and rural areas, and utilizing the capacity of these homes to address shortages while ensuring compliance with climate-based architecture are proposed to enhance the effectiveness of the rural housing renovation and improvement plan.

Abstract Housing shortage is one of the challenges that governments around the world are grappling with, and addressing this challenge requires extensive studies and a proper understanding of the target community. On the other hand, studying the experiences of other countries can significantly guide and prevent potential mistakes in policymaking and implementation. Therefore, considering that the commitment of the Conservative Party in England included the construction of one million housing units, the experience of this country has been gathered using library information. The process of providing and supplying housing and the necessary infrastructure for financing it in England has been analyzed to utilize the concepts and perspectives gained in advancing housing programs within the country. After examining the experiences of England, it was concluded that housing programs should be tailored to the conditions of each country and city, using the experiences of other countries solely for enlightenment and to avoid potential mistakes.

Abstract The Islamic Republic of Iran, after ratifying the law for joining the Basel Convention on 22 September 1992 by the Islamic Consultative Assembly and its approval by the Guardian Council on 4 October 1992, became a member of this convention. So far, nine annexes have been added to the Basel Convention, of which seven have been approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Given the law of the Islamic Republic of Iran's membership in the Basel Convention and the provisions (17) and (18) of this convention regarding the mechanism and process for approving amendments and annexes, the amendment bill of Annex No. (2) of the Basel Convention on the Monitoring (Control) of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal and the addition of Annexes No. (8) and (9) has been submitted to the Islamic Consultative Assembly for legal procedures. Expert studies indicate that despite serious ambiguities in the review and opinion on annexes (8) and (9) of the mentioned convention by the responsible authority, as well as the lack of legal procedures after 26 years of its ratification and referencing the contents of the mentioned annexes in the executive regulations for the import, export, and transit of wastes, based on the Basel Convention regulations approved in 2021, the approval of the amendment bill of Annex No. (2) of the Basel Convention regarding the monitoring (control) of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal and the addition of annexes No. (8) and (9) is confirmed due to the environmental benefits arising from monitoring the transboundary transport of wastes under this convention, with special attention to plastic wastes and the pollution caused by their management, especially the creation and dispersion of microplastics.

Abstract Participatory local governance is recognized as a late model in local and urban management, which has managed to establish itself in the realm of policymaking and decision-making after market-oriented and neoliberal approaches in local governments and their inability to solve certain issues and problems. However, formulating related policies and implementing participatory governance requires attention to local and indigenous contexts (both hard and soft) and understanding capacities and opportunities on one hand, and shortcomings, weaknesses, and limitations on the other hand, in legislative, social, economic, institutional, and other areas will be essential for its successful design and implementation. Therefore, understanding the participatory governance model is a way to stabilize and strengthen the legitimacy of local and urban management decisions, improve the effectiveness of those decisions, ensure continuity in successful planning, create urban sustainability, and increase the efficiency of urban management through public trust. This report aims to identify participatory local governance models, tools, approaches, and foundations at the local level and align and adjust them with the limitations and capacities of the local council system in Iran.

Abstract The concept of media authority in the contemporary world has changed, and the multiplicity of media, both professional and non-professional, has diminished the authority of any specific media outlet. Nevertheless, media owners employ strategies to maximize their benefits. In a global perspective, the In a global perspective, the prevalent late approaches to media authority can be classified into three categories: market-based approaches (economics, trade, and capital), political approaches, and cultural approaches. Although these three approaches are not entirely separate, each has strategies for gaining more power, which will be addressed in this research. On the other hand, from the perspective of Islamic Revolution scholars, media authority is defined and conditioned differently than in global approaches. From this viewpoint, certain characteristics are considered central to achieving a media standard for the Islamic Republic and attaining media authority, including attention to identity and identity formation, cultural boundary-setting and independence, activating the power of narrative and taste-making, and redefining the concept of attractiveness in media productions.

Abstract Social enterprises are among the most important and effective models for empowering communities and addressing social issues in both developed and developing countries. These enterprises, often referred to as "social companies," play a significant role in employment and domestic production, thereby supporting specific segments of society, revitalizing the environment, and accelerating social development. However, these companies are not recognized in Iran's legal and executive system, forcing social entrepreneurs to operate within the ecosystem of commercial businesses or charities, which leads to numerous challenges. This report examines the theoretical literature in this field and studies the laws and regulations related to the establishment and operation of commercial companies in the United States and EU member countries. The findings of the research indicate that to address the numerous problems faced by social enterprises and to develop the social business ecosystem in Iran, a law should be prepared that clarifies the commonalities and differences between "action," "activity," and "social entrepreneurship" with "social business," as well as delineates the boundaries between "social companies," "commercial companies," and "charities," and ultimately distinguishes "social" activities from "political" and "economic" activities.

Abstract Item "2" of Clause "Ch" of Article (22) of the Seventh Development Plan Law mandates large industries such as cement and steel to supply part of their energy needs, especially during peak energy consumption months, from solid fuel derived from waste. The use of solid fuel derived from waste in industries is associated with advantages such as reducing industries' dependence on liquid fuel, economic justification compared to alternative waste-to-energy scenarios, ease of securing raw materials, and suitable consumption capabilities in the country. Regarding the challenges of producing and consuming this fuel in the country, issues such as the complementary nature of the fuel, the necessity of long-term contracts between the producing industry, the consumer, and the municipality, adherence to environmental requirements in the production process, and the need for infrastructural changes in the consuming industry’s equipment are highlighted. In conclusion, to properly implement the aforementioned clause of the Seventh Development Plan, solutions such as formulating and executing a national waste management program, providing incentives and support for investors, piloting in two cities, creating inter-agency coordination, and defining the role of each stakeholder through a national waste management working group, as well as adhering to technical considerations, precise management, and standardizing the product using domestic and international capacities are proposed.

Abstract Having an up-to-date and reliable picture of the developments in the country's gross domestic product can effectively contribute to improving policymaking and more accurate monitoring of the macroeconomy. Given the delays of statistical authorities in this area and the repeated requests from members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly to address this shortcoming and provide a more timely picture of economic growth, the Research Center of the Assembly has made efforts to provide a computational infrastructure to estimate and present the country's economic growth on a monthly basis and as quickly as possible. According to the latest statistics from the Central Bank, in the spring of 2024, the country's gross domestic product grew by 3.2% and 2.5% compared to the same season of the previous year, with and without oil, respectively. According to the Research Center's calculations, the economic growth of the country in October 2024 is estimated to be 3.1% compared to the same month of the previous year, and the economic growth without oil is also estimated at 3%. The results of the center's estimates indicate that in October 2024, compared to the same month of the previous year, the value added in the "Agriculture" sector grew by 1.5%, the "Crude Oil and Natural Gas" sector grew by 3.7%, the "Industries and Mines" group grew by 3.8%, and the "Services" group grew by 3.1%.

Abstract

Abstract The "Draft List of Invalid Laws and Regulations in the Field of Agriculture and Natural Resources" has been prepared based on the provisions of Articles (1) and (3) of the Law on the Compilation and Codification of Laws and Regulations of the Country, ratified on 14 June 2010, by the Legal Deputy of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and was registered with the signature of 40 honorable representatives under registration number 46 on 5 August 2024, proposing the invalidity of 799 provisions from 144 laws. Investigations revealed that in terms of the number of provisions, there was an undercount of 392 provisions in the proposed draft. In other words, the total number of provisions listed in the draft is 1,191. Based on this, the documentation and reasons provided for the invalidity of 279 provisions (25.3% of the provisions) are not acceptable due to reasons such as incomplete overlap of the repealing provision with the repealed provision (especially regarding provisions with implicit repeal status). The most ambiguous cases, with 114 provisions accounting for 9.5% of the total provisions, relate to provisions that the drafters of the proposal consider to be non-executable. However, this does not mean that these provisions are valid; rather, due to the lack of sufficient and correct documentation and reasons, it is not possible to make a definitive decision regarding their invalidity. Therefore, for provisions whose invalidity acceptance is accompanied by doubts due to ambiguities and issues in the documentation and reasons, it is suggested that the proposed draft be reviewed to correct and complete the documentation and reasons for the relevant provisions. Ultimately, those provisions for which no valid reasons or documentation for their invalidation were found should be removed from the proposed draft.

Abstract The "Draft Amendment of Article (166) of the Internal Regulations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly" under registration number 34 concerns the amendment of the mechanism for implementing the first part of Article 85 regarding the processes for approving experimental laws. In this draft, the delegation of legislative authority to the internal committees of the Assembly has been eliminated, and the review of all articles without opinion in the Assembly is considered, with the final approval authority ultimately entrusted to the Assembly. Additionally, two representatives with voting rights will be added from each committee to the relevant committee, and other representatives may also participate in committee meetings with voting rights if they wish. This report examines the general and detailed aspects of the proposed draft, and due to its inconsistency with Article 85 of the Constitution, its approval is not recommended.

Abstract Access to safe and affordable housing is a crucial issue for citizens. However, millions of people around the world are unable to secure a place to call home. Today, with the rapid pace of urbanization and rising housing costs, especially in large cities, the need for affordable housing programs for low-income individuals has become increasingly essential. Affordable housing programs are created to ensure that all citizens, regardless of their financial status, have access to suitable and low-cost housing. Various countries have implemented innovative and successful programs to address housing needs, each designed according to their specific social, economic, and cultural contexts. Countries such as Finland, Singapore, the United States, and Brazil are among those that have made significant strides in this area. This research provides an overview of low-income housing schemes and housing support funds in global experiences and emphasizes the global importance of affordable housing while showcasing the diversity of approaches adopted by different countries. The Housing Production Leap Law, as one of the main and most important laws in the housing sector, was ratified by the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 7 August 2021, with the aim of increasing housing supply and constructing at least one million housing units annually for eligible applicants. According to Article (3) of the aforementioned law, the "National Housing Fund" has been established to create synergy, enhance support capacity, and optimally allocate financial resources in the housing sector, functioning to aggregate and allocate the financial resources specified in this law.

Abstract Setting a minimum wage based on industries is one of the methods for determining the minimum wage, typically implemented to support vulnerable workers or specific activity sectors. In Iran, there is a legal capacity under Article (41) of the Labor Law to define minimum wages for industries; however, investigations show that due to the failure of governments to define an industrial development strategy and to regulate complementary policies to support workers or activity sectors, the fragile production structure, the high share of informal employment, and low enforcement guarantees, the requirements for implementing this policy are not currently met. Additionally, various obstacles and challenges such as amending Articles (167) and (41) of the Labor Law, weak regulatory structures, and statistical data, complexities in insurance calculations, execution complexities at large enterprises, disincentives for growth and development of enterprises, and financing issues hinder its implementation. Meanwhile, the number of beneficiaries from this policy is very low, and the benefits derived from it are negligible compared to the costs and implementation limitations. In other words, implementing this policy is not cost-effective. Therefore, its implementation is not recommended under current conditions; however, it is suggested that the government focus on developing an industrial strategy, enhancing the supportive role of the government (improving financing, market access, tax incentives, wage subsidies, increasing productivity, and ensuring workers' livelihoods), formalizing informal employment, and increasing the enforcement guarantees of this policy while addressing the identified limitations and obstacles.

Abstract

Abstract This report aims to delve deeper into governance within the historical context of management and political science. The contemporary concept of governance in management and politics is not an identity-less notion; it has followed a natural path through the history of contemporary Western thought. This report demonstrates that governance is fundamentally aligned with the rationality that supports it, and governance, in a general sense, is a specific type of rationality in governmental actions. Therefore, three general types of rationality were identified: state rationality, market rationality, and communicative and consultative rationality. State rationality is tied to power, while market rationality is linked to the money that has historically been used for colonization and oppression. However, the new rationality seeks to decolonize the previous two rationalities and establish communicative rationality, focusing on human values. A comparison of this third rationality with divine and religious rationality, which underpins the Islamic Republic and is manifested in the constitution, illustrates the relationship between the Islamic Republic and new governance across four dimensions: power, democracy, security, and legitimacy. This comparison shows that while new governance seeks to deepen democracy and populism, it also poses challenges for divine rationality, as it establishes moral and divine values as fixed principles of governance. Therefore, utilizing opportunities and presenting models to overcome the stated challenges should be a priority for the officials and agents of the Islamic Republic.

Abstract The Article 90 Commission, as one of the most important participatory and public capacities in the Islamic Consultative Assembly, plays a role in the current public policies of the country and assists the parliamentary oversight function. Within the framework of laws, this commission can, by obtaining information on the performance of executive bodies through public reports, pose questions and hold meetings with officials to address public demands and fulfill the parliamentary oversight duty. Similar institutions exist in various countries and are referred to as parliamentary ombudsmen. These institutions are defined under the parliament of each country and engage in activities similar to the Article 90 Commission. Some parliamentary ombudsmen have approached efficiency through specific and innovative actions, quickly addressing received complaints. This report, while recognizing the approaches and mechanisms of parliamentary ombudsmen in various stages of problem identification, agenda setting, activism, evaluation, and learning, offers suggestions for the Article 90 Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

Abstract The policy advisory system refers to a complex and diverse, yet unique, set of various actors within a political unit that proposes and recommends knowledge, information, and alternative actions to decision-makers. Previously, think tanks, governmental research centers, and research institutes were studied, and their connection to policymaking was examined; however, what makes the study of the policy advisory system necessary is the systematic or systemic perspective on this concept. This characteristic, namely the systematic perspective, distinguishes the studies of this framework from other studies on think tanks, research institutes, and any other advisory entities. Within this framework, policy advisory is recognized as an important part of the overall policymaking system, comprising various components, distinct histories, and unique or shared internal dynamics. This form of study had not previously existed at this level. The scientific literature on policy advisory has so far explained various dimensions of this system with approaches such as situational approaches, externalization, politicization, and topics like the capacity of policy advisory. However, due to the novelty and recentness of research and authorship, the literature on the policy advisory system has yet to undergo the passage of time and theoretical stabilization and classification. This report is a preliminary effort to theoretically clarify the literature of the policy advisory system in the context of policymaking in Iran. It aims to collect the main established models and conceptualizations of this study framework and clarify the positioning of each within the realm of policy advisory studies, allowing researchers to engage with a structured and comprehensible arrangement of this literature. The main outlines of the scientific literature of this framework are classified into three sections: spatial models, content models

Abstract Determining and distributing public funding for over a hundred budget lines of state universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science requires a framework and computational model. The distribution of funding using historical cost and input-based methods or bargaining negates an efficient budgeting approach. This model must ensure both efficiency in budgeting and the fair distribution of limited public resources. Attention to the distribution of public funding for universities in the seventh development program is also mandated in Clause "A" of Article (96). This study aims to methodically simulate and implement a model for the performance-based budgeting of universities, adhering to a comprehensive pattern. In executing this task, two sub-models are utilized, and university funding is determined competitively by integrating the base model (education-oriented) and the performance model, which includes other activities and outputs of the universities. In the base model, the per-student cost is calculated across different groups and levels, considering the varying costs of faculty in different geographical areas, the non-linear cost relationship between students and faculty, universities in less developed regions, non-comprehensive and specialized universities, and the dispersion of university campuses on the unit cost. In the performance-based model, the per capita of 16 different indicators from scientific and non-scientific outputs and the managerial efficiency of the university are modeled. The model for determining and distributing funding requires flexibility and will be developed based on feedback from implementation in subsequent years. In this study, the budget allocations for 2024 are simulated with the current model, and the deserved funding for universities is distributed and analyzed.