Reports

Abstract The Seventh Five-Year Development Plan Law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, consisting of 24 chapters, 55 subchapters, 120 articles, and 481 clauses, was issued on 24 Tir 1403 (June 24, 2024) for implementation during the period of 1403–1407 (2024–2028). By examining the articles of the Seventh Five-Year Development Plan Law, a total of 1,315 provisions can be identified. The main objective of this report is to analyze the structure of these provisions and identify the executive bodies responsible for each. Therefore, the present report is organized into two sections: In the first section, the structure of the Seventh Five-Year Development Plan Law is formally examined, the types of provisions are categorized, and then the provisions are analyzed based on characteristics such as scheduling, whether they are mandatory or advisory, financial implications, and level of importance (impact on the country’s major challenges and necessity of implementation), as well as the responsible executive body and the relevant parliamentary commission. In the second section, the provisions that are considered more important than others based on the country’s challenges are presented.It should be noted that attached to this report are separated files detailing the responsibilities of various executive bodies (25 files) and provisions related to different parliamentary commissions (14 files), which are accessible in the related files section.

Abstract According to Note 3 of Article 1 of the Law on the Administration of Free Trade–Industrial Zones of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the establishment of new free trade–industrial zones and the determination of their boundaries shall be based on a proposal by the government and subject to approval by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament). Accordingly, the bill titled “Expansion of the Gilan (Anzali) Free Trade–Industrial Zone,” in light of its explanatory preamble and in line with the policies of the Twelfth Government to develop the Anzali Free Trade–Industrial Zone, remove barriers to export growth and development, and create employment and economic prosperity in the mentioned region, was formally received during the Tenth Parliament. This bill was approved with amendments in the public session of Parliament held on Tuesday, May 12, 2020, and was sent to the Guardian Council in accordance with Article 94 of the Constitution. In its letter No. 17683/102/99 dated (June 2, 2020), the Guardian Council declared the bill to be inconsistent with the Constitution. After the conclusion of the Tenth Parliament, the bill was reintroduced in the Eleventh Parliament under registration number 40. To address the concerns of the Guardian Council, the Economic Commission approved amendments to the previous parliamentary resolution. These amendments, after being passed in the public session of the Islamic Consultative Assembly on (July 31, 2022), were once again returned by the Guardian Council due to ambiguities and failure to meet the requirements of the Supreme Supervisory Board. The matter has since been reviewed by the Economic Commission. The remainder of the report, examines the extent to which the Guardian Council’s ambiguities and the Supreme Supervisory Board’s objections have been resolved in the Economic Commission’s report on the proposed bill.

Abstract   "The proposal to add a note to Article 62 of the Internal Regulations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly," registered as No. 54 during the twelfth term, has been officially received and referred to the Committee on Internal Regulations. The committee approved the proposal—after making amendments in its text and title—on August 20, 2024. This resolution is as follows: Single Article – Amendments to Articles 68 and 37 of the Internal Regulations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly shall be made as follows: In Article 68 of the Internal Regulations, the phrase “members of the Presidium of the Parliament” shall replace the phrase “Speaker of the Parliament” and Additionally, a note applicable exclusively to the twelfth term shall be added to this article as follows: Note – This resolution also consist of the members of the Presidium of the Parliament who were elected during the first year of the twelfth term. In Note 5 of Article 38 of the Internal Regulations, following the phrase “is elected”, the phrase “or any member of the Presidium of the Parliament who does not participate in the annual election of the Presidium or is not elected” shall be added.

Abstract Iran, with approximately 5.32 trillion cubic meters of recoverable natural gas reserves, holds 3.17% of the world’s recoverable gas resources. The undeniable importance of natural gas in energy supply for the country—accounting for over 72% of the national energy consumption basket—highlights the necessity of a thorough analysis of gas flows and transactions within the country. This is essential for identifying key challenges in Iran’s gas value chain and proposing effective solutions. The first step in this direction is to present a comprehensive, transparent, and accurate diagram of volume and financial exchanges throughout the national gas value chain from the source to the end consumer. The main actors in Iran’s natural gas value chain include the National Iranian Oil and Gas Companies, gas refining companies, the Iranian Gas Transmission Company, and provincial gas distribution companies. In the upstream stages—exploration, development, and production—the National Iranian Oil Company is active. In the downstream stages—refining, transmission, storage, export/import, and distribution—the National Iranian Gas Company and its subsidiaries play a central role. The primary revenues of the National Iranian Gas Company come from the export of natural gas to Turkey and Iraq, followed by the export of liquefied gas and, finally, domestic sales of by-products. The company’s major expenditures are related to the government’s ownership share, the National Iranian Oil Company’s share from the sale of ethane and liquefied gas, and the National Development Fund’s share. Most transactions within the natural gas value chain are based on agreements between the key actors, often at varying rates. Moreover, there is no clear and standardized mechanism for revenue sharing. Given the national ownership of these resources, it is imperative to establish transparent and regulated principles for setting transaction rates within upstream legislation.

Abstract This report aims to understand and analyze Iran’s industrial sector by presenting a comprehensive picture based on various indicators. According to the research findings, although the industrial sector has grown over the past few decades, it has also experienced significant fluctuations. Based on value-added indicators, the country’s major industries are primarily driven by advantages such as cheap energy, access to mineral resources, and agriculture. The study reveals that the average ratio of intermediate imports to the value of total production in Iran’s economy is 8/5%, while for the industrial sector, this figure rises to 8/11%. This indicates industrial sector in Iran has higher dependency on imports for production. Also, an examination of science and technology indicators in the industrial sector shows that since the early 2010s (1390s in the Iranian calendar), the pace of technological advancement has slowed considerably. Overall, economic instability in the industrial sector, coupled with misguided policies favoring energy-intensive industries and broader macroeconomic developments, has created an unfavorable environment for domestic industries As a result, the priorities of entrepreneurs and industrialists have shifted away from innovation and competitiveness toward merely maintaining current operations, rather than expanding activities or striving for a greater share in the global market. To overcome this situation, the formation of an anti-deindustrialization movement focused on the central theme of “transitioning from resource-based production to manufacturing-based production (factory-driven), with the goal of effective participation in regional value chains,” along with mobilizing national capacities and resources in this direction, could offer a viable solution.

Abstract The budget for the non-defense space sector in the country's annual budget laws encompasses both space and aerospace domains. This categorization reflects the cross-organizational nature of the institutions and aerospace organizations involved. The key responsible entities in this analysis include the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (as the primary body), the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, and the Vice Presidency for Science, Technology, and Knowledge-Based Economy (as secondary bodies). Overall, the total programmatic allocations for the country’s non-defense space sector have grown by 12%, increasing from approximately 47,482 billion rials in the 2023 budget law to around 53,076 billion rials in the 2024 budget law. This accounts for roughly 21/0 % of the total public budget. The total revenues of the non-defense space sector have also seen a 3% increase, rising from about 2,570 billion rials in the 2023 budget to approximately 2,640 billion rials in the 2024 budget. An analysis of the budget allocations for the space sector under the 2024 national budget law (1403) reveals that approximately 89% of the funds have been allocated to the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology. However, it is worth noting that the quantitative objectives outlined in the Seventh Development Plan have not been fully reflected in the 2024 budget law. Therefore, it is essential to ensure the provision and allocation of the necessary financial resources to support the growth and advancement of the national space industry particularly for the implementation of Clause 8, Paragraph (a) of Article 48, and Article 64 of the Seventh Development Plan Law, aimed at completing space-related projects.

Abstract Data is considered the core of all digital technologies and their associated services. Studies indicate that data traffic is growing exponentially both nationally and globally. In terms of capacity and utilization of the data-driven digital economy, the United States and China stand out, jointly accounting for half of the world’s data centers, the highest G5 penetration rate, 94% of total AI startup funding over the past five years, 70% of the world’s top AI researchers, and nearly 90% of the market value of the largest global digital platforms. Data has a multidimensional nature and can generate both economic and social value. Recognizing this reality, our country has implemented appropriate policies in the field of data governance over the past decade. The strategic goals of our national cyberspace policy include achieving national independence, reducing dependency, preventing foreign interference in cyberspace, meeting public needs, and creating an ecosystem aligned with Islamic-Iranian culture. Achieving many of these goals will be possible through the completion of the National Information Network. This report aims to identify the various variables and factors involved in data management and to present a dynamic, cause-and-effect model for managing data in cyberspace. The proposed model serves as a tool to understand and analyze the diverse and influential factors in data management policies. It helps provide a comprehensive understanding of policymaking issues in the realm of cyberspace data and enables more precise decision-making for various challenges in the ICT sector.

Abstract Iran’s theatrical tradition owes much to indigenous forms such as storytelling (Naqqāli) and puppetry, while religious performances have added profound and meaningful dimensions to this heritage. The ritual drama of Ta'zieh, which reenacts the events of Karbala, has played a significant role in elevating the art of performance. However, in recent years, a style of theater has emerged that occasionally incorporates elements inconsistent with Iranian and Islamic culture. This has raised concerns about cultural distortion, requiring the attention of policymakers and cultural administrators. In examining the structural challenges of the performing arts, key issues include the low prioritization of theater within the country’s cultural framework, the shortage of standard performance venues, insufficient integration of trained professionals into the industry, and the licensing and staging of works that lack alignment with the nation’s religious and cultural identity. It is recommended that financial support be prioritized for productions that draw upon rich religious and indigenous sources to enhance the quality of scripts and storytelling and existing talents should be identified, nurtured, and employed effectively. Content and performance formats must be supervised based on the principles of Iranian-Islamic lifestyle and Furthermore, addressing the demands of theater professionals, resolving guild-related issues, and adopting innovative support and investment mechanisms in the performing arts sector are essential. Emphasis should also be placed on large-scale outdoor theater productions, which offer expansive yet temporary and cost-effective performance spaces.

Abstract The current state of the automotive industry in Iran is the inevitable result of its governance structure and the policies adopted by responsible institutions. Any effort to improve or transform the industry will not succeed without first establishing clear objectives, followed by a fundamental redesign of the regulatory framework and corresponding policy adjustments. In other words, focusing solely on internal process reforms within automakers without addressing the institutional environment will inevitably fail. This report, drawing on Williamson’s institutional analysis model, theories of institutional political economy, and industrial competitiveness frameworks, presents an integrated model for realistically analyzing and diagnosing the regulatory system of Iran’s automotive industry. The model introduces four levels of analysis: Socio-Institutional Analysis Theory, Political Settlement Analysis Theory, Economic Analysis Theory, Firm-Level Analysis Theory.   Based on this framework this report conducts a diagnostic assessment of the current regulatory structure governing Iran’s automotive sector. The next report in this series will examine the regulatory system through a systems analysis lens. Finally, the third report will offer scenario-based recommendations for redesigning the regulatory framework, grounded in the findings of the previous assessments.

Abstract The 2023 budget bill was submitted to the Parliament while the targeted subsidies budget under Note (14) faced a severe imbalance. However, due to the complexity and difficulty of revising the targeted subsidies budget within the short timeframe allocated for parliamentary review, the government's proposals regarding the figures for resources and expenditures were approved verbatim by the Budget Consolidation Commission and the Parliament floor. It appears that the rapid trend of imbalance between revenues and expenditures in the targeted subsidies system has intensified in recent years. The deficit has reached levels that raise concerns beyond those associated with general public resource shortages. Particularly troubling is the lack of a properly anticipated mechanism to compensate for the deficit, which leads to emergency funding throughout the year by any means necessary, often directed toward unavoidable expenditures. This improper method of covering the targeted subsidies deficit causes additional harm beyond the mere existence of a budget shortfall. In 2023, the Targeted Subsidies Organization received 491 trillion tomans from legally approved sources and made payments totaling 614 trillion tomans. As a result, the cash performance gap between resources and expenditures for targeted subsidies in 2023 amounted to 123 trillion tomans. If we also account for unmet legal obligations and the organization’s accrued deficit (non-allocation), the total discrepancy reaches 248 trillion tomans.

Abstract The Seventh Development Plan has set multiple targets for the country's electricity sector, and monitoring the extent to which these goals are achieved requires continuous tracking of the sector's macro indicators. This report examines the macro indicators of the electricity sector in the year 2023, which marks the final year of the Sixth Development Plan. Future reports will include semi-annual monitoring of these indicators. One of the most critical challenges facing the electricity industry in recent years has been the imbalance between electricity supply and demand during peak consumption periods. An analysis of the sector’s macro indicators in 2023 reveals that although the nominal capacity of the country’s power plants increased by 7.1%, peak electricity demand grew by 8.5%, intensifying the supply-demand gap. Therefore, alongside expanding production capacity, serious attention must be given to electricity consumption management and optimization programs. In terms of diversifying the electricity generation mix, current statistics indicate an excessive reliance over 90% on fossil fuels. The imbalance in natural gas supply during colder seasons, along with the economic and environmental drawbacks of liquid fuels, underscores the need to further develop non-fossil electricity sources (especially renewables) and improve the efficiency of thermal power plants.  

Abstract Forgery of official documents, misuse of powers of attorney, and the creation of fake identities are among the issues that have caused widespread financial and moral harm to both citizens and the government. These problems include the high risk of financial and legal transactions among individuals due to fraud, erosion of public trust in the government, and the formation of a large number of legal cases within the judiciary. One of the key reasons behind these challenges is the presence of flaws and deficiencies in the identity verification process, which is one of the most critical tools for ensuring the authenticity of official documents. To address these issues, it is proposed that identity verification for individuals whose signatures are required to receive registration services such as notary offices, marriage and divorce registries, and company registration departments be made conditional upon obtaining electronic authentication. Expert assessments based on field data identify the use of identity verification systems similar to those used in banking transactions and SMS-based confirmation as the most effective solution. Accordingly, whenever an action involving an official document is initiated, an SMS containing a verification code and a link to the draft document will be sent to the individual. This approach is expected to significantly reduce the number of incoming cases to the judiciary and greatly minimize the possibility of notarial errors due to the added layers of protection.

Abstract Although the concept of local governance dates back to the history of humankind, it has only in recent decades entered broad public discourse, prompting countries to reassess the roles of different levels of government and their relationships with citizens, the private sector, and other stakeholders. In local governance, emphasis is placed on public participation at the local level, the management and provision of essential goods and services, and meaningful engagement with citizens. Up to now, different countries driven by diverse motivations have pursued different paths toward effective local governance, aiming to involve grassroots actors in administrative processes and to form interconnected networks of stakeholders across public, private, and civil sectors. Our country is no exception. Given its vast geography, and alongside the need for national unity, there is a pressing need to develop a local governance model capable of identifying the real needs of society and working toward their resolution. Local governance, as a modern approach to administration, has gained attention as a response to the challenges of centralization and top-down policymaking. This approach requires serious attention to all societal stakeholders including community groups and businesses and emphasizes their relationships and cooperation. It also calls for empowerment and capacity-building to transform passive local and civic potential into active participation in national affairs. The Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament) must also prioritize the use of local governance mechanisms and capacities to fully harness public potential in the legislative and oversight processes.

Abstract The intensification of current challenges facing Iran’s social security system has underscored the growing importance of studying successful international models for overcoming crises in this domain and designing optimal policy packages. Examining the experiences of other countries in addressing similar issues can help avoid missed opportunities during critical junctures and reduce the costs associated with trial-and-error policymaking though any findings must be reviewed through the lens of localization. Comparative analysis reveals that four countries Canada, Norway, Australia, and the Netherlands among the 37 member states of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), not only share notable similarities with Iran in terms of initial potential, but have also demonstrated strong performance in managing their social security systems. This report focuses on outlining the structure of Australia’s social security system, along with key economic and demographic characteristics necessary for forming a clear picture of the country. The study explores Australia’s system through three main tiers: basic pension, employment-based benefits, and voluntary schemes. It details the diverse programs offered under the first tier, the tax framework, and the government’s welfare expenditures. Among the most significant operational lessons from Australia’s social security model are the establishment of a multi-tiered system, the continuous updating of means-testing mechanisms to accurately identify eligible beneficiaries for first-tier benefits, the implementation of various reforms, and the sustainability of government revenue streams through a diversified tax base.

Abstract The European Parliament, one of the continental parliamentary assemblies with over 70 years of experience, has gradually sought to enhance its role in regional and global developments by employing techniques of public diplomacy, lobbying, and multilateral negotiations at the levels of bilateral parliamentary diplomacy and summit diplomacy. In recent years, the strategic partnership between the European Parliament and the U.S. Congress has also seen an upward trend, with both legislative bodies pursuing a unified and hostile strategy against the sacred system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Clear examples of this can be seen in the European Parliament’s political terrorism in support of the Zionist occupying regime following the proud “True Promise” operation. Holding hearings, forming joint parliamentary diplomacy task forces, organizing parliamentary conferences, submitting biased reports to the European Council, inviting well-known counter-revolutionary figures and leaders of the terrorist Monafeqin group to speak in plenary sessions and committees of the European Parliament, passing numerous resolutions against revolutionary institutions and the anti-terrorist Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), issuing parliamentary statements, supporting Iran’s isolation in international organizations, awarding prizes to leaders of the sedition movement, creating false dichotomies among celebrities, and employing hybrid and cognitive warfare techniques in diplomatic activities against the Islamic Republic of Iran and the resistance movement through European Parliament media networks and the establishment of an “Iran Desk”, these are among the tools and methods of public diplomacy used by the European Parliament to exert pressure on Iran. Therefore, in the first report of a series related to comparative studies of legislative assemblies around the world, by examining the position of the European Parliament within the political framework of the European Union and its diplomatic tools and methods, efforts have been made to better understand how to implement a combined defense strategy against the parliamentary warfare of the EU. Additionally, some innovations and initiatives that could deepen the strategic scope of the diplomatic activities of Iran’s Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) have been highlighted. The President of the European Parliament, three committees on Foreign Affairs, Development, and International Trade, political groups, permanent and temporary diplomatic delegations, and the “Joint Parliamentary Assembly” are among the influential actors in the diplomatic activities of the European Parliament.

Abstract This report presents the findings and summary of ongoing social capital monitoring conducted by the Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The indicators of social capital in previous reports and the current one include: trust in governance, quality of state–citizen relations, social participation, public service delivery, sense of justice and equality, crisis management capability, pride in national identity, commitment to shared values, hope, and belief in the goodwill of officials. To assess these indicators, billions of data points from cyberspace were collected and categorized using computer algorithms and artificial intelligence. These categorizations were analyzed by social science experts, resulting in a comprehensive picture of social capital in the year (2022–2023). The state of social capital during this period experienced fluctuations and was largely influenced by the events and unrest of that year. To repair and enhance social capital, certain measures must be taken, with particular emphasis on strengthening the relationship between the people and the government. Macro-level data analysis reveals that when citizens’ expectations of government support and protection are met, social capital significantly increases. Wherever the government has acted in support, protection, and service to the people, social capital has risen. A key lesson from the events of 1401 is that the behavior and rhetoric of officials must convey the government's commitment to safeguarding the lives and rights of its citizens. The issuance of a general amnesty decree by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic in that year was an example of such a gesture.

Abstract Technological competition among major powers is one of the key concepts related to the international security system. Although this concept is not entirely new, its current intensity and scope especially in the military domain, have increasingly attracted the attention of security researchers. This competition, primarily defined between China and the United States, is driven by technological advancement: the more technology evolves, the greater the strategic advantage, and the more intense the competition becomes. Among the most significant technologies contributing to strategic advantage are artificial intelligence, hypersonic technologies, quantum computing, the Internet of Things, and others. Their integration into military domains has led to fundamental and structural changes in power balance, design, command and control, operational concepts, battlefield dynamics, and the nature of competition itself. In other words, technological development directly influences a country's overall power—especially military power—and has thus become a central arena for rivalry among great powers, in such a way that China, relying on military-civil fusion, is striving to achieve technological dominance while simultaneously seeking to undermine the United States' advantages in this field. The United States, while aiming to maintain its current superiority, has centered its strategic approach on building alliances and coalitions, delegating responsibilities, and promoting international standardization.

Abstract “Positive Life” Centers are a type of social organization established in Iran in 2020 under the supervision of the Welfare Organization. Their purpose is to help the government identify the welfare and social needs of vulnerable groups including the needy, youth, women without guardians or heads of household, and persons with disabilities and to deliver appropriate services tailored to those needs. Nearly four years after their inception, these centers are facing significant instability.The increasing trend of closures, staff turnover, and numerous complaints from social workers and employees regarding inadequate wages and compensation have turned these centers into part of the country’s broader social challenges. To address these issues and improve the efficiency of these centers, the Social Studies Office of the Parliament Research Center launched a series of studies to examine their legal, administrative, and financial conditions. In the “Current Status Mapping” report (Serial No. 19572), the institutional, financial, structural, and procedural status of Positive Life Centers was outlined within the framework of the national social health system. The present report, based on over 900 person-hours of expert meetings with stakeholders and two rounds of field visits to active centers in four provinces, identifies many of the operational strengths and weaknesses of these centers from those same perspectives.

Abstract The approval of the draft bill outlining the goals, duties, and authorities of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts is intended to activate the necessary capacities for the division of specialized responsibilities and to enable performance evaluation and oversight. Accordingly, based on Note 2 of the single article of the law establishing the Ministry ratified on July 15, 2019, the government was required to submit changes to the duties of the newly formed ministry to the Islamic Consultative Assembly within one year. Analyses of the duties outlined in Article (4) of the draft bill indicate several legal shortcomings in the formulation of the proposed provisions, including a lack of structure, mixing of unrelated items, disorganization, and failure to address key contemporary issues in the fields of cultural heritage, tourism, and handicrafts such as the civil and social responsibility of citizens in preserving cultural heritage. There is also insufficient attention to Article 83 of the Constitution and a lack of balance among the proposed provisions across the three specialized domains, which may pose challenges for the bill’s approval in Parliament. Article (4) of the draft bill contains 57 clauses and 17 notes outlining the ministry’s duties and authorities. A review of these 57 clauses shows that 20 pertain to cultural heritage, 6 to tourism, 3 to handicrafts, and 28 are formulated as shared responsibilities. Therefore, in a series of reports, the provisions of Article (4) will be examined with emphasis on each of these domains, and corresponding amendments, additions, and expert opinions will be presented. In the following section, the provisions of Article (4) related to cultural heritage are analyzed. Findings indicate that 80% of the cultural heritage provisions related to Article (4) require revision and amendment and 10% have been merged, and another 10% have been removed.

Abstract With the exponential growth of urban populations since the early 20th century and the overconcentration of people in urban areas beyond their capacity, the demand for housing, infrastructure, and employment opportunities in cities has surged dramatically. These pressures led urban planners and policymakers to adopt the strategy of developing new cities. Although the concept of new towns has historical roots and it's instances can be found both in Iran and globally, it gained significant momentum after the Industrial Revolution, aligning with modern urban planning approaches. However, upon entering the implementation phase and confronting complex economic, social, environmental, infrastructural, and cultural challenges, the momentum slowed considerably. One of the major criticisms of this approach was the widespread destruction of natural resources. In many cases, the one-dimensional exploitation of land and its assets has inflicted irreversible damage on the environment a threat that, if ignored, could endanger humanity and life on Earth. As resources become increasingly scarce, achieving optimal and efficient growth is more critical than ever for protecting ecosystems and natural assets. Since the latter half of the 20th century, with the emergence of climate change concerns and the necessity of integrating environmental considerations into architecture and urban planning, eco-friendly urbanism has gained heightened importance. So, urban planners have pursued environmentally aligned designs to meet sustainable development goals, with the eco-city model being one prominent example.

Abstract

Abstract The uncontrolled conversion of agricultural lands especially fertile lands is one of the most serious challenges threatening rural economies and the realization of self-sufficiency goals. According to official statistics, between 1995 and 2022, an average of 6.7 hectares of agricultural land per day has been illegally repurposed, with actual figures likely exceeding this estimate. Several legal factors have contributed to the critical state of land-use change, including: The multiplicity and diversity of laws and regulations (over 100 provisions); 2.The enactment of contradictory legal rulings that conflict with the preservation of agricultural land use—particularly Article (4) of the Law on Punishing Unauthorized Users of Public Utilities (water, electricity, telephone, sewage, and gas), and Supreme Court unified rulings No. 759 and 822; Legislative gaps in areas such as discouraging non-productive activities; 4.Lack of proper regulation for annexing agricultural lands to urban, township, and village boundaries; 5.Weaknesses in the current law on preserving the use of agricultural and orchard lands, especially in enabling discretionary decision-making for identifying necessary land-use changes and addressing illegal conversions. So, given these challenges, the enactment of a comprehensive law that considers all factors affecting agricultural land protection is now essential. In this context, and in line with the mandate of the Parliament’s Commission on Agriculture, Water, Natural Resources, and Environment, the Parliament Research Center conducted a thorough analysis of the current situation, reviewed international experiences, and consulted expert opinions. As a result, a draft titled the “Comprehensive Law on Agricultural Land Protection” was prepared in seven sections. Due to the requirements of Article (75) of the Constitution, it is recommended that this draft be submitted in the form of a government bill.

Abstract Currently, more than three-quarters of Iran’s population resides in urban areas. Globally, over 56% of the world’s population lives in cities, which collectively produce more than 80% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (World Bank, 2023). Given this scale and significance, many countries have prioritized the development of a national urban policy document to address urban issues comprehensively and cohesively across territorial dimensions covering physical, economic, social, environmental, and other aspects. Urban population density is a fundamental concept in urban planning, development policy, and related fields such as housing, architecture, geography, regional planning, and spatial organization. It is used to describe the intensity of people, jobs, housing units, or other indicators of economic, social, and physical presence, as well as human development, within a defined spatial unit. Urban density is closely linked to a wide range of issues affecting the quality of urban life, including environmental quality, transportation systems, infrastructure and physical facilities, urban morphology and landscape, social norms and sociology, economic dynamics, investment, and financing. As such, it has consistently been a focal point for urban planners, development researchers, and other stakeholders in urban management. This study is the first of its kind in Iran to comprehensively and systematically examine the concept of urban population density across cities nationwide and it responds to the growing importance of this issue in national and regional discussions and highlights its relevance as a key concept in contemporary urbanism.

Abstract Given the importance of understanding macro-trends in national energy planning, a proper evaluation of oil and gas production and supply is essential for adopting effective policies in this sector. One of the key factors shaping the future of global oil and gas markets is the development of shale oil and gas particularly by the United States which has had a profound impact on both markets. This report first provides a technical overview of shale resources and the methods used for their extraction. It then examines the current status and future projections of shale oil and gas production globally, with a focus on the United States, the leading producer in this domain. Statistics indicate that shale oil and gas account for approximately 11% and 21% of total global production, respectively, and these figures are expected to remain relatively stable through 2040. As the dominant player in the shale industry, the United States has adopted policies such as supporting the development of related technologies and lifting the ban on oil and gas exports, thereby accelerating the growth of this sector. The increased supply of shale oil has enhanced the feasibility of imposing sanctions on oil-exporting countries like Iran and Venezuela. Meanwhile, the rise in shale-based natural gas production has led to a surge in U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports to various parts of the world. So, in order to preserve and strengthen the country’s role in global oil and gas trade, it is essential to adopt strategic policies aimed at mitigating the threats posed by shale oil and gas.

Abstract An assessment of major hydrological and meteorological indicators during the first quarter of 1403 reveals that average precipitation has increased compared to both the same period last year and the long-term average. In addition, the average temperature during spring unlike the previous autumn and winter seasons, which saw unprecedented temperature spikes did not rise significantly. The northern half of the country experienced a more noticeable temperature increase than the southern half. On the whole, due to favorable spring rainfall and the absence of extreme heat, the country entered a wet spell during the spring of this year and, after three consecutive years, emerged from drought conditions. The water reserves in major dams have also increased by 9% compared to the same period last year, and most dams currently in stable condition. Also, the filling rates of the Doosti Dam and the Chahnimeh reservoirs in Sistan critical sources for drinking water in eastern population centers have risen after several years of continuous decline. A review of climatic conditions in neighboring countries also indicates favorable and wet conditions in Afghanistan and the catchment areas of the shared border rivers Helmand and Harirud. Similarly, eastern Turkey and northern Iraq have experienced normal to wet conditions, which play a significant role in the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. However, an analysis of water sector funding shows that, despite a total capital asset allocation of 480 trillion rials in the current year’s national budget, no disbursement was made during the spring quarter.

Abstract During recent years, the number of fatalities from road traffic accidents has been on the rise. Statistics indicate that in 2023, the death toll from such incidents reached 20,000. Meanwhile, the economic losses caused by traffic fatalities in Iran are estimated to range between 2% and 7% of the country’s GDP. Calculations based on the Consumer Price Index published by the Statistical Center of Iran show that the real value of traffic fines has decreased by approximately 90% between 2011 and 2023. Until a national operational plan for road safety is prepared and approved—and given the increasing fatality rates and the urgent need to prevent further deterioration—it is recommended that agencies involved in transportation safety, particularly the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and the Traffic Police (Faraja), implement short-term and high-impact measures. These include intensifying speed control on national roads by increasing the registration of both instantaneous and average speed violations, raising the fines for high-risk offenses, and sending real-time SMS notifications for speed violations. Moreover, it is essential that the Supreme Council for Transportation and Road Safety swiftly, develop an operational plan to enhance road safety, based on data and insights from the National Integrated Transportation Accident Information System.

Abstract The employment status of contract teachers, Literacy Movement educators, and preschool instructors remains a longstanding issue in Iran’s education system. Between 2004 to 2021, the Islamic Consultative Assembly passed 14 laws aimed at organizing this matter, that it continues to pose daily challenges for the Ministry of Education. Despite ongoing demands for formal employment, the adoption of Resolution 833 by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Article 89 of the Seventh Development Plan Law, and the Supreme Leader’s directive to avoid ad hoc recruitment schemes in education emphasizing that teacher recruitment must be limited to teacher training universities and formal employment exams have made status conversion outside this framework practically impossible. Under these constraints, lawmakers have introduced two mechanisms to address employment demands: Granting a bonus coefficient of 1.1 to 1.5 in employment exams to individuals with prior collaboration experience in the education system. Allowing the Ministry of Education to employ these individuals as hourly instructors. Therefore, given the prohibition of recruitment outside teacher training universities and the impracticality of passing new status conversion laws, it is recommended that demands be addressed through the following legal channels: Employment Demands: Pursue formal employment through recruitment exams, leveraging the special advantage granted to experienced collaborators under Clause “D” of Article 89 of the Seventh Development Plan Law. Salary and Insurance Demands of Current Contract Teachers: Since the Ministry cannot terminate the contracts of the current 26,331 contract teachers due to teacher shortages, it is proposed that their contracts be restructured into one-year fixed-term employment agreements—eliminating intermediary companies—based on the exception in Article 32 of the Civil Service Management Law, to ensure orderly payment of salaries and insurance. Unforeseen Staffing Needs: Address unexpected teacher shortages through hourly employment of eligible individuals, as permitted under Clause “Kh” of Note 15 in the 1403 Budget Law.

Abstract In recent years, equity in access to higher education opportunities among households across different income deciles has drawn increasing attention from the public and policymakers. In this study, through a detailed analysis of data and statistical evidence, we have mapped the level and quality of university education (based on rankings achieved in nationwide entrance exams) as well as educational expenses across various academic levels, segmented by income groups. Statistical findings indicate that households in higher income deciles benefit from higher education opportunities—both quantitatively and qualitatively—at rates several times greater than those in lower deciles. However, a comparison between the findings of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution in 2020 (1399 in the Iranian calendar) and the results of this study in 2023 (1402) shows that the gap in the share of top rankings (under 3,000) among income deciles is gradually narrowing. Due to the unequal coverage rate of higher education, access to government subsidies for higher education is also naturally asymmetric across income groups. Analyzing statistical data on spending for primary and higher education levels reveals that the rising costs of higher education for households—including the complete removal of subsidies in public universities (the monetization of universities)—further exacerbates inequality in access among income deciles. It is essential that future steps examine the role of various factors—such as motivation, access, and barriers to success in nationwide exams, as well as the distribution of higher education resources—individually in studies related to educational equity.

Abstract In August 2024, the production index of listed industrial companies experienced a 4% decrease compared to the same month in the previous year, while the sales index saw a 3.5% increase. Compared to the previous month, the production index declined by 6.8%, and the sales index rose by 2.5%. In the automotive and parts manufacturing sector, the production index dropped by 7.13% year-over-year, whereas the sales index increased by 1.19%. However, compared to the previous month, both production and sales indices fell by 6.18% and 4.14%, respectively. In the basic metals sector, the production and sales indices decreased by 2.3% and 5.7% compared to the same month last year. Month-over-month, the production index declined by 2.11%, while the sales index showed a slight increase of 7.0%. The monthly growth rate of prices in listed industrial activities rose by 4.0% in August 2024. The year-over-year price growth rate dropped by 2 percentage points compared to the previous month, reaching 24%. Notably, the annual average price index for listed industrial activities increased by 5.0 percentage points compared to the previous month, showing a total rise of 6.24%.

Abstract In the early and pivotal periods of Islamic history, the mosque was not only a place of worship but also served diverse social functions. However, according to many scholars in the field of religion, more than four decades after the Islamic Revolution and the establishment of various institutions overseeing mosque affairs, this institution has not yet attained its expected position in Iranian society and has gradually lost its central role. In this Regard, the main issue addressed in this research is the analysis and structuring of the policy challenges surrounding mosques in the Islamic Republic of Iran, aimed at realizing their social functions, followed by the presentation of policy recommendations. The identified challenges fall into two categories contextual and policy-legislative include:  1.Fundamental weakening of the religious institution’s position within the overarching modern system during the modernization process, 2.Transformation of reference models , 3.Separation of judicial and educational institutions from the mosque amid the increasing complexity of governance structures, 4.Transition from primary religious rituals to secondary ones,   Ambiguity regarding the scope and manner of government intervention (in the broad sense) in mosque-related policymaking and legislation, 6.The damaging dominance of reactive (as opposed to gradual) approaches in mosque policy, 7.The harmful prevalence of the “servant-state, served-nation” paradigm in vital mosque functions, 8.Multiplicity of organizations responsible for mosque affairs and lack of structural balance among them, 9.Weaknesses in the physical development of mosques, 10.Neglect of the mosque’s potential in regenerating generalized social trust, 11.Loss of neighborhood identity in urban development processes, disconnecting mosques from their surrounding environments, 12.Inefficiency of traditional financial mechanisms for mosque funding, 13.Lack of consistent presence of the clergy in mosques, 14.Passive mosque governance in the face of functional fragmentation or alignment of policies with such fragmentation.   In the deeper analysis of these strategic challenges, the root cause of the problems in mosque policymaking is identified as a “disconnected view of the mosque institution from its surrounding society and its perceived irrelevance to other institutions and social systems.” This leads to “mosque policymaking without regard to developmental patterns and macro trends” and “governmental and public policymaking without consideration of the mosque’s nature and capacities.”Therefore, the first essential step in mosque policymaking is to “define the mosque’s position within the broader development framework (including urban development) of the Islamic Republic of Iran.”Finally, the proposed policy recommendations are: Drafting a high-level strategic policy document for mosques by the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution Reengineering the structures overseeing mosque affairs, centered on reviving the mosque’s social functions Mandating governmental and non-governmental organizations to deliver part of their social services through mosques and gradually expand these services within the mosque framework

Abstract Article 4 of the draft bill outlining the objectives, duties, and authorities of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts comprises 57 clauses and 17 notes. Of these, 20 clauses pertain to cultural heritage, 6 clauses to tourism, 3 to handicrafts, and 28 are formulated as shared provisions. This report focuses on the tourism-related provisions of Article 4. Expert analysis reveals that out of the 6 tourism clauses, 5 require revision and 1 should be removed. Thus, 83% of the tourism provisions were amended. Additionally, 17% were merged and eliminated due to thematic overlap with other clauses. In the annex section, 11 new provisions (10 clauses and 1 note) were added. The general revisions to the tourism provisions aimed to resolve legal ambiguities, consolidate similar clauses, and enhance textual coherence and discipline. Supplementary Provisions Related to Tourism in the Draft Bill on the Objectives, Duties, and Authorities of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts include the following topics: Establishment of a comprehensive tourism statistics system, Enhancing accessibility of domestic tourism, Prohibition of the creation and management of tourism facilities by executive bodies as stipulated in Article (23) of the Civil Service Management Act (enacted in 2007), Travel vouchers for government employees as outlined in Article (25) of the Act on the Addition of Provisions to the Law on Regulating a Portion of Government Financial Regulations (1) enacted in 2005, Promotion of tourism culture, Ensuring the safety and security of tourists, Organizing national holidays with an emphasis on domestic tourism, Visa waiver approvals, Regulation and oversight of tourism facilities and Support for specialized and large-scale tourism activities

Abstract Nowadays, citizen access to government data is recognized as a fundamental right in most countries. Publishing government data enhances transparency in the public sector, enables better public oversight, and can contribute to the growth and profitability of businesses. To ensure optimal use of government data, certain conditions is mandatory. These include publishing data in standardized, machine-readable formats, releasing it in a timely manner while it remains usable, and ensuring it is accessible to all citizens. Therefore, in Iran, the 2008 law titled “Law on Publication and Free Access to Information” has enabled citizens to access government data. To improve data dissemination practices in the country, it is recommended to place greater emphasis on proactive data release and to identify priority datasets for publication. A key factor in successful data dissemination is the establishment of a structured system for managing public data across and within institutions. This requires a coordinating and supervisory body to unify efforts in this domain. One of the prerequisites for this is the creation of an integrated inventory of public sector datasets. Following data publication, initiatives such as hosting events and hackathons can help encourage value creation from open data.

Abstract The emergence of multiple challenges within Iran’s social security system has underscored the importance of examining its various dimensions alongside studying the experiences of other countries, with the aim of identifying strategies to overcome crises in this domain. In fact, analyzing the policies implemented by other nations in response to similar challenges—or exploring the structure of their social security systems to understand their impact on social welfare—can, when adapted to local conditions, offer a clear picture of the consequences of many social security policies. Studies show that among the 37 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), four countries Canada, Norway, Australia, and the Netherlands share notable similarities with Iran in terms of initial potential and have demonstrated strong performance in managing their social security systems. This report, as a continuation of the previous analysis of Australia’s social security system, focuses on explaining the second and third layers of the system. It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Australia’s social security structure by detailing the components of the second layer and identifying the incentive-based retirement savings schemes that form the third layer.Australia’s extensive use of diverse tax instruments—not only in the third layer but even more broadly in the second layer—to encourage greater participation in retirement plans, along with adequate regulatory measures for managing the various second-layer funds by the Australian Taxation Office and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, and the system’s high level of transparency, are among the most important operational lessons that can be drawn from Australia’s social security model.

Abstract This study is the second report in a series on multidimensional poverty, aiming to explain the methodology for calculating Iran’s national Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and to demonstrate its capabilities by estimating changes in severe deprivation across the country between 2006 and 2021. The results of the designed MPI indicate that over this 15-year period, the prevalence of severe deprivation nationwide decreased from 18% to 3%. In rural areas, the rate dropped from 33% to 7%, and in urban areas from 10% to 2%. Furthermore, an assessment of provincial deprivation levels based on the MPI calculated for the year 2021 shows that the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman, South Khorasan, North Khorasan, Ardabil, and Hormozgan have the highest levels of severe deprivation. In contrast, the provinces of Isfahan, West Azerbaijan, Semnan, Qazvin, East Azerbaijan, and Qom exhibit the lowest levels of severe deprivation.

Abstract This report reviews several reputable commentaries on the evolving international economic order. It should be noted that the content of these analyses is not necessarily endorsed by the Parliament Research Center and is presented solely to familiarize national managers and experts with these perspectives. In this issue, four commentaries are examined: Dani Rodrik and Stephen Walt explore the challenges and opportunities of shaping a new global order. By critiquing the shortcomings of the current system such as the relative decline of U.S. power, the rise of China, and the challenges posed by climate change and technological shifts they emphasize the need for a flexible process to manage disputes and strengthen cooperation among governments. Gita Gopinath analyzes the fragmentation of the global economy and its consequences. By comparing the current situation to the Cold War era and citing examples like Brexit, she assesses the potential costs of this economic decoupling. Roberts and co-authors examine the shift from a neoliberal international economic order to a geoeconomic one, in which security takes precedence over economic cooperation. Focusing on U.S.–China rivalry, they argue that this transformation stems from tensions between security and economic interests. Odd Arne Westad, in his article “Sleepwalking into War,” investigates the growing tensions between the United States and China by drawing parallels with the pre–World War I relationship between Germany and Britain. He warns that these two powers may, like their historical counterparts, inadvertently enter a cycle of mutual hostility that could lead to conflict.