Reports

Abstract If foresight is considered a method for depicting the future from among existing trends, part of these trends consists of the plausible scenarios that other actors have drawn. The image-making of American think tanks about Iran can constitute an important step toward strengthening transparency in the process of image construction about the country. These think tanks are part of the decision-shaping process of the U.S. political structure (parties, media, Congress, and government). In this research, 289 reports, articles, and notes from eight think tanks—including the Brookings Institution, the Carnegie Endowment, the International Crisis Group, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Hudson Institute, the Atlantic Council, and the Middle East Institute—on topics related to Iran over the past year have been processed using a proprietary quantified artificial intelligence model. The results show that the Gaza war has affected perceptions of Iran in U.S. foreign policy and that Iran is predominantly viewed through a security-oriented perspective. However, there is no sufficient consensus among these think tanks—even those close to the Republican Party—regarding the type of approach toward Iran. There is disagreement over which diplomatic or military tools should be used to contain Iran’s nuclear, missile, and regional programs. If Iran is able to present a more attractive and stronger narrative of itself to the U.S. decision-making structure, it can create more opportunities for advancing diplomacy and draw a smoother path for realizing more desirable scenarios.

Abstract One of the main challenges of Iran’s higher education system is the delay in graduates’ entry into the labor market, such that in some cases this process (entry into the labor market) lasts until approximately the age of 28. Various factors play a role in the formation of this issue, one of the most important being the inflexible structure of educational programs at different levels of higher education. In the present report, through a comparative examination of the experiences of eight countries (Germany, France, Malaysia, India, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Canada, and Australia), 35 executive solutions for optimizing the duration of academic programs—especially at the undergraduate level—have been identified. These solutions are categorized into four general models: structural reform, the competitive–market-oriented model, the inclusive–flexible model, and the gradual–optimization model. The most important of these solutions include: lightening the educational load of higher education and fundamentally revising curricula; adopting a three-semester structure and reducing the length of long breaks between semesters; using blended learning (in-person and online) and moving toward designing programs with reduced student presence in classrooms; adopting a flexible multi-exit structure; and moving toward modularization or organizing courses in the form of independent educational packages. Along this path, delegating authority to universities to ensure independence in decision-making for implementing the process of reducing the duration of study programs, and paying attention to the diversity and specific requirements of academic disciplines in shortening study periods, are considered two major strategic approaches. Overall, these solutions have been designed at three levels—macro, intermediate, and operational—so that through simultaneous reform of governance structures, curricula, and financial incentives, the duration of study in Iran can be brought closer to international standards and the productivity of the higher education system can be enhanced.

Abstract The country’s guild system faces four fundamental challenges on its path to achieving its legal objectives, including protection of consumer rights, financial resources of associations, supervision, and the licensing system. In the area of consumer protection, legal gaps in confronting imposed conditions, ineffective implementation of the after-sales service law, and complex and time-consuming complaint-handling processes have led to a decline in public trust and an increase in violations. In the area of financial resources, the heavy dependence of associations on membership fees and the failure to transfer revenues from fines and tax shares to the Chamber of Guilds (according to existing laws) have weakened their supervisory capacity. In the area of supervision, the multiplicity of authorities and parallel actions, lack of financial transparency, and the limited presence of guild representatives in the branches of the Discretionary Punishments Organization (Ta’zirat) have reduced the efficiency of the system. In the licensing system, the failure of some agencies to comply with the obligation to connect to the National Licensing Portal and the demand for conditions beyond the law have increased the time and costs of starting businesses. To remove these obstacles, legislative and supervisory reforms (such as confronting imposed conditions and supervising laws related to the provision of financial resources for guilds and licensing facilitation laws) and policy and executive reforms (such as merging homogeneous unions, simplifying processes, empowering human resources, and implementing intelligent and data-driven supervision) are necessary. Implementing these solutions can lead to the realization of an efficient, transparent, and fair guild system.

Abstract Ministries of cultural heritage and tourism in countries around the world operate as the principal executive policymaking institutions in the fields of protection, development, and promotion of national cultural heritage and tourism, and they assume important and extensive responsibilities in these areas. By designing legal frameworks and innovative strategies, these institutions can transform cultural memory into a sustainable public asset and strengthen understanding among nations through cultural diplomacy. Therefore, considering the importance of ministries related to cultural heritage and tourism in countries around the world, this report examines the duties of these ministries in Italy, Turkey, India, Bulgaria, and South Korea. In fact, the aim of this report is to identify the missions, duties, and noteworthy and important issues within the laws related to the objectives and responsibilities of the ministries of cultural heritage and tourism in these countries, which may to some extent serve as a model for Iran. According to the results of the report, it can be stated that publicization and popularization of cultural heritage and tourism, cultural heritage education, expansion of communication and media arms, attention to contemporary heritage, digitization of cultural heritage, institution-building, and aligning institutional structures with international commitments are among the important and noteworthy elements in the missions and duties of the ministries of these countries.

Abstract In today’s complex and evolving world, confronting emerging issues, the expansion of technology, networked communications, and unpredictable events requires an active, flexible, and future-oriented approach to governance. The aim of this report is to explain the conceptual and functional framework of anticipatory governance and to examine its capacities for application in the policymaking system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research, using qualitative analysis, a systematic review of theoretical literature, documentary analysis of national development plans, and a comparative study of anticipatory governance models in selected countries, examines various dimensions of this approach, and case studies from different countries have been analyzed in comparative tables. The findings show that anticipatory governance—relying on tools such as foresight studies, scenario building, inclusive stakeholder participation, and the establishment of specialized institutions—can enhance the capacity of the country’s decision-making system to respond to rapid environmental and technological changes. Leading countries, by embedding mechanisms such as policy laboratories, futures committees, and data-driven frameworks, have increased their structural flexibility and resilience, and the review of their experiences shows that the combination of “foresight,” “data-driven analysis,” “social participation,” and “institutional innovation” constitutes the key components for realizing anticipatory governance. The results of the research emphasize the necessity of establishing anticipatory governance in Iran’s legislative and executive structures. Proposals such as establishing specialized foresight committees in Parliament, making a futures annex mandatory for bills and plans, strengthening data-analysis institutions, scenario writing, and promoting a culture of future-oriented thinking are among the central solutions for moving toward anticipatory governance that is resilient in the face of future uncertainties.

Abstract The “Best Tourism Villages” program of the World Tourism Organization is one of the modern instruments of rural development designed with the aim of linking tourism with local governance, protecting cultural and natural heritage, and improving the livelihoods of local communities. In recent years, Iran has succeeded in registering five villages in this program; however, evidence shows that these registrations have not yet led to tangible economic and social outcomes and have largely remained at a symbolic level. The main issue is not weakness in the nomination process or the absence of local capacity, but rather the lack of governance mechanisms, financing, and monitoring in the post-registration stage. Comparative analysis of the experiences of countries such as Japan, Turkey, Chile, Morocco, and China shows that the effectiveness of this program depends on three key components: a specific destination-management institution, sustainable and performance-based financial resources, and a data-driven system for evaluating results. While in Iran the responsibility for the development of registered villages is informally delegated to provinces, this occurs without clearly defined authority, budget, or job descriptions. Moreover, unlike UNESCO registrations, this program does not have a clear position in national laws and budgets. The findings show that the appropriate solution for Iran is the establishment of a networked and matrix governance model in which policymaking occurs at the national level, implementation takes place at the provincial and local levels, and resource allocation is conducted based on operational plans and performance indicators. Defining a specific budget appropriation within existing budget lines can transform this international achievement from a symbolic status into an effective instrument for the development of rural areas and for utilizing its cultural diplomacy capacity for the country.

Abstract This report has been prepared with the aim of evaluating the “Law on National Data and Information Management” from the perspective of justice. Using the framework of the “Justice Review Table,” the overall conformity of this law with justice criteria has been assessed at a moderate level. Detailed examinations show that although this law constitutes a positive step toward data-driven governance and institutional structuring in this field, it has serious shortcomings in terms of comprehensive coverage of justice-related issues, provision of procedural and interactive equality, structural efficiency, restorative and punitive justice, as well as characteristics related to public participation. The main focus of the law has been on institutional division of labor and strengthening managerial capacity; however, it has not paid sufficient attention to dimensions such as the public right of access to national data, compensation and incentives for data exchange, transparency, public oversight, and dispute-resolution mechanisms. In the conclusion, a set of article-by-article reform proposals is presented with the aim of enhancing the justice level of this law and transforming it into a more effective instrument for realizing fair data governance in the service of national interests and all members of society.

Abstract The rapid and increasing transformation of artificial intelligence as a general and transformative technology has altered the traditional structures of cultural production, distribution, and consumption, and has created new challenges in cultural governance. In the home‑entertainment industry, artificial intelligence has gone beyond the level of a technical tool and has become an independent actor in production, screenwriting, recommendation algorithms, and even performance roles. This transformation has made it necessary to redefine concepts such as creativity, ownership, artistic work, and responsibility, and shows that governance in this field cannot be achieved solely through regulation but requires the integration of four functions: policymaking, regulation, service provision, and facilitation. In this research, the issue has been examined from three perspectives: the functions of the governance system, the value chain of home entertainment, and the value chain of artificial intelligence. The findings of the research have been categorized into six levels: the presence of artificial intelligence throughout the home‑entertainment value chain; different international governance models; resolving structural inefficiencies, regulatory gaps, ethical, legal, and institutional challenges; and a set of policy proposals for intelligent governance. The solutions include drafting complementary cultural documents, establishing professional regulation, revising intellectual property rights, developing technological infrastructure, supporting hybrid productions, and enhancing professional and international participation. The final analysis emphasizes that effective engagement with artificial intelligence in culture requires a “participatory, responsible, and learning-oriented” model; a model that considers technology as an empowering tool for human creativity rather than a substitute for it. Such an approach—through recreating governance mechanisms, aligning technology and cultural policies, and strengthening links with global markets—can transform threats into opportunities and utilize artificial intelligence as a driver of cultural renewal and transformation.

Abstract The transformation of media structures and the increasing dependence of content distribution and visibility on recommender algorithms have significantly reduced human control over the flow of information and have highlighted the role of intelligent systems in shaping narratives, preferences, and user experiences. These conditions have doubled the necessity for the formation of transparent legal frameworks and effective regulatory institutions in order to reduce negative social consequences, enhance informational justice, and preserve public trust. The findings of the research indicate that four main recommender mechanisms have been identified in the scientific literature: collaborative filtering, content‑based filtering, deep learning algorithms, and reinforcement learning. Each of these mechanisms, alongside improving the accuracy of personalization, may lead to a reduction in informational diversity, reinforcement of biases, intensification of polarization, and the emergence of negative psychological effects. Comparative study of regulatory frameworks in different countries also indicates the existence of four models: rights‑based, market‑based, authority‑based, and hybrid approaches. Despite differences in the level of government intervention and institutional capacity, a clear consensus exists among these models regarding the necessity of algorithmic transparency, accountability, risk assessment, and continuous monitoring. Examination of comparative experiences shows that the absence of these mechanisms leads to deepening polarization, decreasing informational diversity, and weakening public trust; whereas gradual and risk‑management‑based approaches can establish a balance between innovation and the control of negative consequences. In contrast, evaluation of the situation in Iran indicates that the absence of a coherent legal framework, the lack of a specialized and independent institution for algorithm oversight, and the shortage of systematic tools for transparency regarding their functioning have limited algorithmic governance to reactive interventions. Accordingly, drafting binding transparency laws, establishing a specialized supervisory body, conducting periodic risk assessments, and strengthening mechanisms for user complaints and accountability are among the essential requirements for algorithmic governance in Iran.

Abstract The concept of the electronic parliament, as one of the important achievements of information and communication technologies, has attracted the attention of researchers, policymakers, and actors in the field of legislation since the late twentieth century. Digital parliaments represent a more efficient form of traditional parliaments that are designed with the aim of increasing transparency, efficiency, and accountability in legislative processes and enabling citizens to access information and actively participate in decision‑making processes. The objective of this report is to identify the concepts and dimensions of digital transformation in parliaments in order to facilitate the transition toward a digital parliament in Iran. By examining the concepts, dimensions, and processes of digitalization, this report seeks to provide solutions that contribute to improving efficiency, transparency, and communication in Iran’s parliamentary system and to analyze the role of emerging technologies in this transformation. The results of the conducted research indicate that in order to achieve an efficient digital parliament, it is necessary to formulate key policies in the areas of strategic technology development, effective oversight of data governance, and strengthening citizen participation. Moreover, attention to the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and the creation of sustainable and secure infrastructures constitute essential requirements in digital transformation. In addition, training and capacity building for members of parliament regarding new technologies will help enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of parliaments. These perspectives can contribute to shaping better and more effective mechanisms for the transformation of parliaments in the contemporary world.

Abstract Sport is not merely entertainment; it has become an industry with extensive cultural dimensions and massive financial flows, and a significant part of this industry relies on media revenues. Television broadcasting rights of competitions, as one of the main commercial rights in professional sport, have experienced remarkable growth in recent decades and now constitute an undeniable share in financing clubs in major leagues worldwide. In many countries, between 38 and 47 percent of the total annual revenues of clubs are generated through broadcasting rights. In Iran, however, no clear mechanism has been established for the sale and valuation of broadcasting rights, and no precise estimate of their value exists. This report examines the possibility of providing a numerical estimate of the share of professional clubs from broadcasting rights. For this purpose, three logical and complementary methods have been employed, based on reverse analysis of domestic league revenue flows, comparison between the revenue of the Iranian league and five selected European leagues, and the average share of broadcasting rights in those leagues. The fair share of Iran’s Premier Football League for the 2022–2023 season is estimated to be in the range of approximately 2.5 to 3.4 trillion tomans. The three method model of the report can also be generalized for estimating the fair share of broadcasting rights in other leagues and sports disciplines, provided that baseline data on operational revenues of leagues and clubs and international comparative indicators are evaluated each season.

Abstract With the penetration of artificial intelligence technology into various fields, the attention of parliaments to legislation in this domain increased more than sixfold between 2016 and 2024, and to date 114 countries have enacted laws, regulations, or executive provisions related to artificial intelligence. The European Union and China, by adopting a control oriented and strict regulatory approach, seek to manage the potential consequences of the technology; while the United States and Canada pursue a non binding and market outcome based approach, through the formulation of sector specific guidelines and by making companies responsible. The model of infrastructure development and gradual risk management, with a development oriented outlook and incremental regulation, is also pursued in countries such as Singapore, Japan, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. The selection of the primary institutional authority responsible for artificial intelligence generally revolves around three main models: assigning the mission to ministries of science and technology, communications, industry, and economy; establishing independent institutions with special powers; and creating inter agency coordination councils. The findings indicate that there is no single model for artificial intelligence governance and that each country’s path depends on its institutional capacities, technological maturity, and development priorities. In the case of Iran, it appears that adopting a hybrid approach—as both developer and coordinator/integrator with the assistance of an independent institution under the supervision of the highest executive authority and moving gradually toward regulation—can provide an effective and sustainable path for national governance in the field of artificial intelligence. In this regard, it is recommended that the capacities of the resolutions of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution in the field of artificial intelligence and the National Artificial Intelligence Plan approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (submitted to the Guardian Council) be taken into consideration.

Abstract Establishing an integrated system is considered a fundamental strategy in controlling social harms. In Iran, despite emphasis on this necessity, such a system has not been formed in an optimal manner, and numerous institutions—often without coordination or synergy and in a parallel manner—engage in policymaking, planning, and implementation of related programs. In order to establish an integrated system, the experiences of other countries can be utilized as a strategy. Accordingly, this report examines the experience of Sweden. In this country, policies are designed with objectives such as improving economic and social security, ensuring the healthy development of children, and controlling harms such as addiction, divorce, and homelessness through social services. In terms of policy implementation, this system is organized based on a clear division of responsibilities among institutions at three levels: national, regional, and local. National institutions are responsible for macro level policymaking, budget allocation, and supervision, while municipalities, as local institutions, undertake the responsibility for the direct implementation of services. Furthermore, the system employs mechanisms of vertical coordination (between different levels of government), horizontal coordination (between programs and local institutions), and the utilization of capacities of the private sector and civil society organizations within defined regulatory frameworks. Therefore, it is recommended that at the national level a single institution be designated with the mission of regulating social harms, that other institutions in this field be integrated, and that the responsibilities of executive agencies be clearly and distinctly defined. It is also necessary that provinces, within the framework of national policies, enjoy a certain level of independence in designing and implementing policies. This approach, in addition to increasing efficiency and adapting policies to local needs, can provide a degree of strategic coordination at the national level.

Abstract Public participation in the economy is a concept that goes beyond the role of people as consumers or labor force and emphasizes the agency, ownership, and active decision making of members of society within the structure of production and resource supply. This research adopts a positive, progressive, and future oriented approach and utilizes the SOAR mapping method. This model shifts its focus from identifying problems (weaknesses/threats) toward strengthening existing capabilities and future goals and is designed to reinforce social capital and create a shared vision. In this report, numerous strengths for involving people in the economy are identified, including the existence of general policies, supportive laws and regulations, and the extensive dimensions of government support for public participation in the economy within the legal system. In addition, broad opportunities exist for the country, including numerous unused and dormant legal capacities, the presence of relatively low cost labor, religious ethical foundations that promote productive economic activity by citizens, the infrastructure of cyberspace and artificial intelligence, and a considerable scientific and academic community. By utilizing these strengths and opportunities, visions such as increasing the share of the private and cooperative sectors in the national economy, attracting public participation in decision making, and providing the foundation for genuine competitiveness can be pursued. The outcomes include increasing the share of the cooperative sector in the economy, increasing the rate of realization of the Cooperative Development Document, and increasing the depth of the capital market. Finally, policy recommendations are presented for reforming procedures and strengthening the supervisory role of Parliament and responsible institutions in order to transform the private and cooperative sectors into drivers of the economy.

Abstract In Iran, various challenges exist in the field of social responsibility, including low transparency, unclear impacts of social responsibility projects, political pressures on resource allocation and expenditures, and insufficient attention to engaging the third sector and local communities. Furthermore, the governmental and quasi governmental ecosystem of many companies has resulted in the government acting as an operator rather than a regulator in the field of social responsibility. The present report provides a horizon for policymakers and actors in the field of social responsibility so that, through optimal regulations aligned with the social ecosystem, corporate social responsibility in Iran can be improved. Corporate social responsibility in India became mandatory under the Companies Act of 2013. According to this law, effective reporting of CSR activities through online forms ensures accountability and compliance. Engaging the third sector in implementing CSR activities—after verifying their positive performance in previous activities—has contributed to the improved implementation of CSR projects in India. Furthermore, defining priorities in CSR policymaking has contributed to social development with the synergy of government support. In addition, the company structure and board of directors serve as the main actors in the field of social responsibility, considering both company profitability and responsibility for implementing laws, and facing defined legal consequences in cases of non compliance. Therefore, the Indian government does not directly operate CSR programs but instead performs supervision and policy guidance. Ultimately, broad participation of local communities and the third sector, alongside mandatory reporting and transparency, has created a healthy and efficient ecosystem for social responsibility.

Abstract Evaluation of laws is one of the most important instruments for improving the quality of legislation and governance. This process not only makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of laws but also helps identify strengths and weaknesses, remove implementation barriers, and reform public policies. Accordingly, the existence of an institutional structure enables analysis based on real data. Such structures in developed countries are usually coherent and well developed and are responsible for conducting evaluations, presenting reform proposals, and supervising the outcomes of those evaluations. Nevertheless, strengthening institutional structures is effective only when they are efficient and aligned with the structure of the country’s political system and form of government. Within this framework, the present study, using a descriptive analytical method, examines the institutional structure of oversight and evaluation in countries around the world and proposes an institutional model by classifying the countries studied according to their political systems and forms of government. Accordingly, the countries under study are placed within five categories: parliamentary unitary, parliamentary federal, presidential unitary, presidential federal, and semi parliamentary unitary systems. In this report, however, only countries with parliamentary unitary, parliamentary federal, and semi parliamentary unitary structures are examined. Depending on their political systems and forms of government, the overall structure of the evaluation and oversight institution in these countries is placed either under the parliament or under the government. In addition, the distribution of responsibilities (conducting evaluations and supervising their outcomes) among parliamentary, governmental, and independent bodies is also largely dependent on these two determining factors. Finally, based on the findings of this report, proposals are presented for deepening the institutional structure of evaluation in the country.

Abstract The welfare and social security system of the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the fundamental pillars for realizing social justice and reducing social and economic risks, and over the past four decades it has experienced numerous institutional and policy transformations. Despite benefiting from long‑standing institutions such as the Social Security Organization, the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, and the State Welfare Organization, this system continues to face challenges including institutional fragmentation, overlapping functions, weakness in integrated data, and reduced resilience to economic and demographic shocks. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the existing and potential capacities of the country’s welfare system using the SOAR conceptual model (Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, and Results), so that policymaking in this field shifts from a remedial approach toward an empowering and future‑oriented one. The findings indicate that the system’s strengths lie in its extensive institutional network and specialized human resources; opportunities have emerged in the General Policies on Social Security (2022), digital technologies, and the capacity for inter‑institutional cooperation; aspirations are based on justice, human dignity, and comprehensive service coverage; and desirable results depend on designing measurable indicators and an integrated monitoring system. In conclusion, a set of legislative and policy recommendations is presented in the areas of institutional reform, data transformation, and improvement of welfare governance, the implementation of which can pave the way for the movement of Iran’s welfare system toward an integrated, efficient, and sustainable structure.

Abstract Achieving superior governance and enhancing the integrity of Iran’s administrative system require a transition from traditional and perception‑based approaches toward the establishment of objective and data‑driven measurement systems. The present research was conducted with the aim of designing and validating a national model for measuring corruption and administrative integrity, employing a mixed (qualitative–quantitative) approach. In the first step, through a comparative study of sixteen authentic international models, the theoretical dimensions of the subject were examined. In the second phase, in order to localize and screen the indicators, the expert panel method was employed with the participation of a group of leading specialists in the fields of policymaking and oversight, and the data were analyzed based on the “importance–feasibility matrix” technique. The research findings indicate the emergence of expert consensus on the necessity of a paradigm shift from perception‑based measurement to measurement based on registered evidence. Matrix analysis based on the two dimensions of importance and feasibility led to the identification of four categories of indicators, in which “golden indicators” (such as transparency of tenders in the Setad system and the electronicization of licensing issuance) were introduced as the core of the model due to their simultaneous possession of strategic importance and high feasibility. Structural indicators such as the independence of oversight institutions were classified as strategic challenges, and educational indicators were categorized as quick‑win strategies. The final output is an operational model that, with emphasis on intelligent oversight and structural transparency, presents a coherent roadmap at legislative, supervisory, and executive levels for reducing corruption and rebuilding public trust.

Abstract Abu Musa Island, as the southernmost territorial point of Iran at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz, holds importance beyond that of a mere settlement or tourism destination. At the intersection of political geography, maritime history, and the indigenous culture of the south, this island plays a symbolic role in representing territorial sovereignty, civilizational identity, and the country’s cultural diplomacy in the Persian Gulf. Therefore, tourism development there is viewed beyond purely economic interventions and is considered an instrument for strengthening national cohesion and enhancing Iran’s cultural image. The findings of the report, based on the SOAR method, indicate that limited land area, small population, fragile infrastructure, and environmental sensitivities preclude the development of mass‑tourism models. In contrast, Abu Musa’s competitive advantage lies in its distinctive identity, unique cultural heritage, and minimally disturbed ecosystems. Accordingly, three strategic options are proposed: responsible nature‑based tourism, cultural‑heritage tourism, and wellness tourism, which can be implemented in a phased and synergistic manner to generate high added value with limited tourist intake and minimal pressure on resources. In conclusion, the report emphasizes the necessity of incorporating a “tourism identity branding of Abu Musa” component into the comprehensive development plan of the three islands. This approach, aimed at aligning economic development with the consolidation of national identity and soft diplomacy, is based on strengthening cultural narrative‑building, formal framing of heritage, activation of local capacities, and enhancement of institutional coordination, and can serve as an effective complement to infrastructural policies in the south of the country.

Abstract The objective of this report is to examine the status of student retention (prolonged enrollment) in Iran’s higher education system. Data analysis results show that the “duration of study” for 90 percent of PhD students exceeds eight semesters (four years), and only about 9 percent graduate on time. In addition, approximately 70 percent of master’s students remain at university beyond the permitted duration (four semesters). At the bachelor’s level, around 30 percent of students experience retention, and at the associate degree level this figure reaches 50 percent. Furthermore, at the bachelor’s level, the average retention duration by semester is 7.89 semesters for humanities students and about 9 semesters for engineering students. Among the universities examined, Amirkabir University, with an average retention of 10.04 semesters, has the highest rate, while Alzahra University (PBUH), with 7.90 semesters, has the lowest. At the master’s level, students in public universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science, with 5.96 semesters, have the highest retention, whereas students of Payame Noor University, with 4.58 semesters, experience the lowest retention. At the doctoral level, engineering students, with 12.29 semesters, have the highest retention. At this level, no significant difference was observed by gender, university, or subsystem The report recommends focusing on reducing retention by at least one semester at the bachelor’s and associate levels. Accordingly, the use of academic guidance and mentoring mechanisms for academically weak students and monitoring of the educational process are suggested. In addition, facilitating thesis and dissertation procedures (such as making graduation conditional upon publication of an article rather than making defense conditional upon article publication or acceptance) can be beneficial in this regard.

Abstract The administrative system, as a driver of national development, holds an important position in the efficiency of the country’s governance. Despite numerous efforts for reform, Iran’s administrative system continues to face structural challenges, and enhancing productivity constitutes a strategic necessity for improving its condition. Previous studies have not sufficiently addressed the identification of existing and neglected capacities for enhancing productivity. The present report, by identifying the sub‑components of the administrative system, proposes capacity identification using the strategic SOAR capacity assessment model. This model, by depicting strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results for an issue, offers recommendations for utilizing the identified capacities. The seven key factors of the administrative system are: human capital; structure and processes; technology and smartization; organizational ethics and culture; intra‑ and inter‑organizational coordination; environmental factors; and oversight and evaluation. Capacity analysis, considering the four dimensions of the model (strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results), introduces the capacities of Iran’s administrative system for enhancing productivity and subsequently identifies neglected capacities for this purpose. Some strategies for enhancing productivity capacity in the administrative system include establishing an integrated employee service‑cycle management system (from recruitment to promotion), reengineering administrative processes with a focus on efficiency and service quality, completing and integrating smart‑government infrastructure and data exchange, transforming ethical values and aspirations into operational standards and procedures, and organized utilization of private‑sector and knowledge‑based companies’ capacities in service delivery and productivity improvement.

Abstract The Islamic Republic of Iran, inspired by the theory of Guardianship of the Jurist (Velayat‑e Faqih) and the concept of the “System of Imamate and Ummah,” presents a unique model of governance in which popular sovereignty is defined along the sovereignty of God. This report adopts a comparative approach to examine the fundamental differences between this system and liberal democracy and analyzes the central role of “intermediate circles” in linking the state and society. Research data were collected through semi‑structured interviews with twelve experts and specialists in the field of intermediate circles, and through qualitative analysis using the thematic analysis method, the conceptual framework of intermediate circles (definition, characteristics and functions, their relationship with civil society, and their relationship with other intermediary institutions) was formulated. The findings show that intermediate circles, through functions such as organizing popular groups, identifying and solving fundamental issues, and persuasion and trust‑building, are essential pillars for realizing the “general movement” in the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, challenges such as structural and managerial weaknesses have limited their effectiveness. By presenting operational solutions such as strengthening financial independence, establishing constructive interaction with governmental and sovereign institutions, and training grassroots forces, this report proposes a framework for enhancing the role of these institutions. The research results emphasize that changing the governing perspective from “managing intermediate circles” to “cooperating with them” is a necessary condition for realizing religious democracy.

Abstract In contemporary wars, victory is not merely the product of battlefield superiority, but is consolidated in the realm of narrative and public perception. Research findings indicate that media outlets, relying on four theoretical frameworks—framing, agenda‑setting, gatekeeping, and perception engineering—create a coherent mechanism for guiding audience perceptions. In this model, the meaning of events is formed not through accumulation of data, but through selecting angles of view, setting priorities, and managing information flows. The initial narrative released in the early hours of a crisis functions as a cognitive anchor and influences subsequent interpretations. Subsequently, by highlighting successes, downplaying failures, using impactful images, and employing aligned expert analyses, a coherent image of one side’s superiority is established. Purposeful repetition of messages, emotional framing, and the combination of visual and analytical data reinforce this perception and prevent rapid redefinition of the narrative in the audience’s mind. Thus, media victory results from the synergy of cognitive mechanisms and operational procedures in content production and distribution, which can directly affect legitimacy, morale, and public opinion Accordingly, it is recommended that policy focus be directed toward establishing a coherent system for monitoring and analyzing media narratives, strengthening institutional coordination in information management, and enhancing public media literacy in order to increase the country’s capacity for active and intelligent engagement with cognitive warfare.

Abstract Descriptive evaluation in primary education, as a transformational policy, was designed and implemented with the aim of moving away from quantitatively oriented evaluation and focusing on the holistic development of students’ competencies. However, nearly two decades after the approval of its executive bylaw, a deep gap has emerged between policy objectives and practical implementation. The findings of this report, based on a meta‑synthesis of dozens of published scientific studies, indicate that this evaluation method has faced numerous policy, structural, technical, cultural, and professional challenges. Inconsistency with other elements of the educational system (such as the dense content of textbooks, selective school admission systems, and evaluation methods in secondary education), weak infrastructure (such as high classroom density and lack of standard tools), and deficiencies in the teacher professional development system have been among the most important obstacles to achieving the objectives of this evaluation approach. At the cultural level, family resistance and stakeholder misconceptions have led to the reproduction of a grade‑centered discourse. The consequences of this situation include phenomena such as weakened learning motivation, hidden academic decline, and superficial promotion of students. Accordingly, fundamental revision of the bylaw on academic and educational progress evaluation in primary education (descriptive evaluation) based on the approaches of the Fundamental Transformation Document of Education, alignment of descriptive evaluation policy with policies governing other pillars of the educational system, establishment of structures and requirements for descriptive evaluation within the supervision and quality assurance system of education, formulation of national standards of learning and competencies for transition between levels, and professional empowerment of teachers are identified as priority policy solutions and an unavoidable necessity for reforming and improving this evaluation method.

Abstract Following the outbreak of the Third Imposed War and extensive attacks on national infrastructure, Iran’s Premier Football League competitions were suspended and club training activities were practically halted. This situation has emerged while, on the one hand, only about two months remain until the start of the 2026 FIFA World Cup and, on the other hand, Iran’s football representatives must be introduced to the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) by the tenth of Khordad. In order to address these issues and manage the Premier League, this report analyzes security, legal, financial, and sporting‑fairness considerations and, drawing upon the experiences of other countries, proposes six scenarios and examines the strengths and weaknesses of each. Among these, three scenarios are introduced as operational options: holding centralized matches among top‑ranking teams with a no‑relegation condition, selecting the champion through a hybrid method (considering both the current standings and the historical performance average), and complete cancellation of the season with Asian representatives determined through weighted lottery. Among these operational options, the hybrid method—assigning 40 percent weight to the current league ranking and 60 percent weight to teams’ previous performance averages—is prioritized due to its transparency, defensibility in legal and international forums, and the absence of the need to hold high‑risk matches. It should be noted that if the deadline set by the Asian Football Confederation is extended, the possibility of revising these scenarios may arise.

Abstract Drawing on the theoretical literature of social entrepreneurship, findings from previous studies, and the field experiences of social enterprises in Iran, this report employs the SOAR analytical framework (Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, and Results) to emphasize the capacities and policy horizons of this field rather than focusing on weaknesses and threats. The results show that the ethical capital and intrinsic motivation of actors, strong capacity for employment generation and empowerment, gradual movement toward financial sustainability, and the use of technology and institutional innovation constitute the most important existing strengths. At the level of opportunities, notable factors include the possibility of utilizing international legislative models and social labeling mechanisms, innovative financing tools and impact investment, digital transformation and platform economies, the expansion of corporate social responsibility, and the activation of local capacities and social networks within Iran. At the level of aspirations, the report highlights the establishment of the legal identity of a “social enterprise company” and a transition from charity‑based redistribution toward productive empowerment. Finally, desirable policy outcomes are formulated in terms of transforming the supportive governance system into an empowering governance model, achieving financial sustainability and self‑reliance, reducing the number of beneficiaries of welfare institutions, and revising budgeting approaches. This framework can serve as a foundation for guiding public policymaking aimed at strengthening social enterprises in the sustainable management of Iran’s social challenges.

Abstract The behavioral insights approach, as an emerging global policy tool, utilizes findings and empirical evidence from modern behavioral sciences—including social psychology, cognitive psychology, and behavioral economics—to improve the effectiveness of policymaking and address social problems. To date, more than 360 teams across 64 countries have operated within international, governmental, commercial, and academic frameworks using this approach. However, in Iran the approach remains relatively unfamiliar and nascent, and only in recent years have several concerned individuals and teams conducted projects in this field. With the aim of introducing the capacities of this approach, this report for the first time defines the characteristics of behavioral insights projects and compiles a comprehensive overview of practical experiences of this approach in Iran. Currently, several institutions and centers in Iran are engaged in activities related to behavioral insights, including the Office of Fundamental Governance Studies of the Parliament Research Center, the Iran Behavioral Insights Center, the Behavioral Policy Unit of Imam Sadiq University, the Economic Affairs Research Institute, the Research Institute of the Judiciary, as well as scholars from the University of Tehran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Sharif University of Technology, and others. These actors have so far completed 40 projects, the summaries of which are presented in the report. In conclusion, alongside a synthesis of findings, the report identifies existing gaps and offers recommendations for addressing them in order to advance this approach within the country and enhance its use in policymaking, including specific recommendations addressed to the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

Abstract Reports and news disseminated in the legislative domain—from the expert reports of the Parliament Research Center and parliamentary approvals to controversies surrounding representatives’ activities—have various effects on society. These effects differ depending on individuals’ prior assumptions and the scale of information diffusion, and in some cases they may even contribute to the formation of new political currents. Actors within the legislative arena therefore seek mechanisms to establish effective communication with organizations and the broader public in order to empower and mobilize them for social change. Understanding communication frameworks and models enables more effective interactions between message senders and receivers. This report examines the most important parameters and variables influencing information dissemination in society, which can be categorized into four groups: message sender, message content, message recipient, and transmission context. Various studies highlight how information spreads and how individuals play roles within their connected communities (their personal social networks). By examining factors affecting message structure as well as individual and demographic variables in previous studies, and by analyzing different diffusion models, this research proposes a reliable theoretical framework for predicting and simulating message diffusion. Using this model, media actors in the legislative domain and other message disseminators can anticipate and analyze the societal impact of their communications. The report concludes with several recommendations for structuring messages and enhancing the effectiveness of information dissemination.

Abstract Data governance, as one of the fundamental pillars of modern governance and the advancement of the digital economy, requires special attention. In light of the rapid developments in information technology, identifying an effective data governance model has become an unavoidable necessity capable of responding to growing demands and emerging challenges in the data domain. This report analyzes the theoretical foundations and strategic principles of data governance based on internationally recognized models and revisits potential implementation approaches in Iran. The findings indicate that designing an appropriate governance model should be grounded in Islamic values and the protection of citizens’ rights, while maintaining a balance between national sovereignty and individual rights. Key requirements of such a model include implementing strategic principles such as national governance and ownership of data, data quality and integrity, equitable access and transparency, privacy protection, and data security. Additionally, the analysis of existing challenges emphasizes managing tensions between transparency and information control, as well as increasing public awareness regarding privacy issues. Ultimately, by reviewing international frameworks alongside legal, systemic, and infrastructural capacities, the report provides a comprehensive feasibility assessment for implementing data governance within the Parliament. This assessment can contribute to improving decision‑making processes, strengthening transparency in public institutions, and safeguarding democratic principles as a fundamental requirement.

Abstract In the emerging arena of cognitive warfare, the inefficiency of traditional media models has created a strategic gap that new phenomena—such as Lego‑style animations—have managed to fill. Through a case study of the “Explosive Media” brand during the Ramadan War, this report seeks to answer how such a creative spark can be transformed into a sustainable policy model for activating cultural and creative industries in narrative battles. Lego‑style animations, with more than 455 million global views (60 percent from Western audiences), have achieved success through the synergy between the Lego visual style and AI‑based production, which optimizes three variables: speed, quality, and cost. The Lego format, by abstracting violence, employing humor, and utilizing globally recognizable symbols, bypasses audiences’ cognitive defenses and delivers “perceptual capsules” containing strategic narratives to target audiences through algorithmic alignment. Western responses to this phenomenon evolved from initial removal and censorship to recognition of its effectiveness and eventually to the creators’ entry into the realm of media diplomacy to manage meta‑narratives. Finally, the report proposes a policy model based on five principles: transition from defensive positioning to proactive engagement, priority of format over content (using familiar and entertaining formats), cultural judo (leveraging global cultural symbols to convey local narratives), distributed production capacity (activating small and agile teams), and meta‑narrative management (controlling surrounding narratives after content publication). This model outlines a shift toward agile cultural operations while emphasizing defensive strategies such as early narrative monitoring, media literacy, and maintaining professional credibility in production.

Abstract Since the early 1990s, with the growing recognition of the importance of the transition from childhood to adulthood (including adolescence and youth), the institutional and organizational dimensions of this cross‑sectoral and strategic issue—primarily focusing on youth—have entered the agenda of the national governance system. However, since 2010, when the Deputy for Youth Affairs within the Ministry of Sports and Youth became the main authority for youth affairs, successive governments have considered the current structure to face serious functional challenges. Consequently, all governments—including the current Fourteenth Administration—have sought structural reform. Another major challenge is that although adolescence is part of the transition period and has gained increasing importance in recent years, this age group has not yet received centralized institutional attention within the government. To determine an appropriate governmental structure dedicated to adolescents and youth, it is first necessary to clarify the organization’s missions within the state apparatus. These missions include: (1) intellectual and diagnostic authority, (2) planning and decision‑making, (3) guidance, regulation, facilitation, and follow‑up to implement policies, and (4) monitoring, supervision, and evaluation. To fulfill these cross‑sectoral missions across the government, the report proposes the establishment of a National Organization for Adolescents and Youth under the President, along with the definition of governance ecosystems for youth and adolescent affairs. The central role of this organization within these ecosystems, the creation of a National Headquarters for Adolescents and Youth within the government, and the development of capable human resources are emphasized as essential requirements for achieving the proposed missions.

Abstract Focusing on the issue of networking with Iranian scientific elites abroad, this report examines the institutional, empirical, and policy dimensions of this field. Despite the significant capacity of the scientific diaspora, Iran continues to face structural gaps in effectively utilizing this capital. Although Clause “A” of Article 98 of the Seventh Development Plan mandates such engagement, a coherent policy architecture for purposeful interaction with elites has not yet been established. Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative and comparative approach, with data collected through in‑depth interviews with 54 Iranian elites residing abroad, as well as analysis of policy documents and experiences from selected countries. The diagnostic findings indicate that the main problem is not a lack of capacity but rather the design of institutional mechanisms, reduction of fragmentation, development of smart matching platforms, and definition of clear and predictable pathways for different forms of collaboration. Barriers appear at two levels: everyday obstacles (bureaucracy and lack of transparent collaboration pathways) and structural barriers (policy instability and the absence of intermediary institutions). Existing communication tools also lack effectiveness due to the absence of an institutional framework, resulting in largely individual‑based and unstable networking. Proposed solutions emphasize designing a comprehensive network‑governance framework, including the development of smart platforms, the creation of financial and professional incentives, the definition of flexible career pathways, and the strengthening of intermediary institutions—such as a National Secretariat for Engagement with Iranian Elites Worldwide at the national level and offices for engagement with Iranian elites abroad within each university and research institute. Combining successful international models with domestic requirements can facilitate a transition from a migration‑centered perspective to an engagement‑centered approach, thereby strengthening the role of the scientific diaspora in national development.

Abstract Oversight in endowment processes is a vital mechanism for ensuring efficiency, safeguarding social capital, and adhering to the higher objectives of donors. Social oversight, as a complement to governmental oversight, plays an unparalleled role in increasing public trust, strengthening the accountability of custodians, and enhancing the productivity of the waqf institution. The existence of structural challenges in the governance system of waqf and the aggregation of the roles of executive trusteeship, supreme oversight, and financial beneficiary within a single structure has led to the dominance of managerial approaches and a departure from upstream documents emphasizing the necessity of reducing governmental managerial control, and ultimately to ambiguity in accountability. The research findings indicate that the absence of a legal definition of social oversight and the blockage of information within organizational layers have deprived stakeholders of the possibility of effective monitoring. Furthermore, the technical complexity of financial reports (clearance accounts), the high share of maintenance costs and supervisory rights, and the incomplete alignment of systems with the diversity of donor intentions have led to a reduction in social capital and the productivity of endowments. Accordingly, it is proposed that a “Comprehensive Public Oversight System” be designed and launched, that the auditing system of prominent endowments stipulated in Article (27) of the Executive Bylaw of the Law on the Organization and Authorities of the Endowments Organization be amended, that the service compensation model be changed from “a percentage of revenue” to “management quality,” that the boundaries of “approbatory oversight” and “the expediency of waqf” be defined in law, and finally that investigative branches be separated from the Endowments Organization and transformed into an extra‑branch institution or placed under the direct supervision of the Judiciary.

Abstract The primary responsibility of the welfare and social security system is to respond to various risks such as natural and human crises. In this regard, utilizing the capacity of social solidarity formed within society and transforming it into citizens’ social participation is the most important solution for responding to the decline in governmental capacity at the moment of crisis. The actions of supportive and relief institutions during the 12‑day war can be categorized into three types of operational activism: actions in continuation of the legal duties and obligations of agencies, expansion and adaptation of missions in accordance with crisis conditions, and policies oriented toward wartime conditions. However, the pathology of these actions indicates the continuation or expansion of ordinary executive activities of agencies, and fewer pre‑designed policies for confronting crisis conditions, planning to respond to its increasing and long‑term problems, and utilizing public capacity were formulated and implemented. Nevertheless, global experiences of benefiting from the capacity of formal volunteers and forming informal volunteer networks demonstrate success in utilizing volunteer potential. Most of these volunteer organizations were formed from the very initial moments of crisis and were able, through public trust and participation, to fill the gaps in governmental services. Their local and participatory nature and their response to existing needs by providing a wide range of social services are among their most important features. Therefore, the two macro‑strategies proposed for establishing and organizing volunteer capacity include: structuring the recruitment of formal volunteers within executive agencies of the country under the mission of a supra‑organizational institution, and assessing the capacity for creating and organizing the activities of informal volunteers.

Abstract After ninety years since the approval of the second volume of the Civil Code, in which Book Two sets forth provisions relating to nationality, these articles require amendment and updating. Article 976 of this law, which seeks to enumerate persons possessing Iranian nationality, in its first clause considers all residents of Iran who do not possess foreign nationality as Iranian. This ruling at that time was necessary due to the need to determine the nationality status of all individuals present at the moment of enactment and led to the formation of the principal part of the country’s population from the perspective of private international law; however, at present, due to the issuance of identity booklets for all Iranians and other reasons stated in this report, this article has lost its effectiveness and must be repealed or amended.

Abstract The agricultural innovation system plays a fundamental role in enhancing productivity, ensuring food security, and fostering the growth and development of the agricultural sector. In facing challenges such as climate change, maintaining and strengthening food security, coordination and synergy among various actors, and expanding innovation at the farm level, this system requires efficient, multi‑level, and integrated governance. In this regard, different countries have adopted diverse strategies and models to manage these challenges, among which clarifying the roles and responsibilities of actors, defining cooperation and synergy models, strengthening the position of universities in solving real problems, and designing mechanisms for disseminating innovation at the farm level are among the most emphasized elements of these strategies. Accordingly, the present research, in order to provide a foundation for formulating a desirable governance model for the agricultural innovation system in Iran, examines the most important new approaches for enhancing the governance of the agricultural innovation system. The findings indicate that to enhance productivity in the agricultural sector and expand innovation among all actors, especially smallholder farmers, the governance model of the innovation system has shifted from centralized and traditional models toward decentralized and multi‑level models that emphasize the participation of all actors in creating and directing innovation. In addition, important measures such as safeguarding intellectual property, formulating tax and customs incentives, financing innovation particularly through partnership with the private sector, establishing a continuous monitoring and evaluation system for innovation, and utilizing the capacities of agricultural associations for disseminating innovation have been among the key policies adopted to enhance the efficiency of the agricultural innovation system.

Abstract The present report, using comparative study, document review, and interviews with university managers and officials, presents a proposed framework for redesigning endowment attraction processes and asset management within university supporters’ foundations. Global experience shows that waqf, philanthropist participation, and professional management of endowments through specialized financial and investment institutions characterized by institutional independence, financial transparency, professional management, and the use of modern financial instruments constitute one of the most effective strategies for the financial and economic sustainability of universities. In Iran, university supporters’ foundations have been established over the past two decades to strengthen public resources; however, institutional weakness and lack of legal transparency, systems, structures, and non‑professional managerial processes have prevented full utilization of the capacities of waqf and philanthropy for providing sustainable financial resources for universities. This report proposes concentrating endowment resources within university supporters’ foundations and registering these foundations as independent non‑profit, non‑commercial, and non‑political entities separate from universities with legal authority. Accordingly, through indirect investment and the use of modern financial instruments, professional management, and compliance with Sharia considerations and requirements in managing endowment affairs, the possibility of concluding contracts, receiving contributions, managing and supervising resources, and legal accountability to donors and the university will be provided. In this regard, the use of modern financing methods for investment in endowments such as murabaha, istisna, leasing, product‑sharing, endowment funds, real estate funds, venture funds, philanthropy, hybrid waqf‑philanthropy investment, waqf bonds, waqf sukuk, and others is proposed in this report.

Abstract Artificial intelligence technologies, due to their rapid development and widespread impacts across various sectors, require new governance frameworks that simultaneously facilitate innovation and prevent potential risks. One of the tools that has recently been utilized in different countries for regulating emerging technologies is the regulatory sandbox. A regulatory sandbox is a controlled experimental environment in which companies and innovators can test their new products and services under the supervision of regulatory institutions and within a specific legal framework. International experiences show that the use of regulatory sandboxes in fields such as financial technologies, artificial intelligence, and digital services has enabled governments to better understand technological risks, to design appropriate regulatory frameworks, and to strengthen innovation ecosystems. In Iran as well, with the expansion of artificial intelligence applications in various sectors, the need to establish mechanisms for managing opportunities and risks associated with this technology has increased. The findings of this report indicate that despite numerous capacities in the country’s innovation ecosystem, the absence of flexible regulatory frameworks constitutes one of the main obstacles to the development of artificial intelligence technologies. Accordingly, the report proposes the establishment of an artificial intelligence regulatory sandbox under the supervision of the Vice Presidency for Science, Technology and Knowledge‑Based Economy. This sandbox can provide the opportunity to test new technologies within a limited environment, to identify legal and regulatory challenges, and to design appropriate policies for the development and governance of artificial intelligence in the country.

Abstract Legislation is often regarded merely as a practical and political process, whereas many contemporary legal thinkers consider it a form of scientific activity that requires theoretical foundations and methodological principles. One of the thinkers who has addressed the scientific nature of law and legislation is Carl Schmitt. Schmitt, through his theory of concrete jurisprudence, criticizes purely abstract and formal approaches to law and emphasizes that legal rules must be understood within the context of social, political, and historical realities. From Schmitt’s perspective, jurisprudence does not merely describe legal rules after their formation; rather, it plays an active role in shaping and structuring political and legal order. This report examines Schmitt’s approach to concrete jurisprudence and analyzes its implications for understanding legislation as a scientific endeavor. The findings indicate that adopting such an approach can contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between law, political order, and social realities, and may also provide new perspectives for improving legislative processes.

Abstract Decentralization and the strengthening of local governance constitute important strategies for improving administrative efficiency, increasing public participation, and achieving balanced regional development. In this context, provincial Islamic councils can play a significant role in transferring certain decision‑making authorities from the central government to the provincial level. This report, using the SOAR analytical framework (Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, and Results), examines the capacities of provincial Islamic councils in the decentralization process. The findings indicate that despite existing legal capacities, these councils have not yet been able to fully perform their potential roles due to institutional and structural limitations. Strengthening the position of provincial Islamic councils as intermediate regulatory institutions between the central government and local administrative units can contribute to reducing excessive centralization, improving coordination among provincial actors, and enhancing accountability and efficiency in regional governance.

Abstract One of the longstanding challenges in the country’s property system is the existence of a large number of lands and properties lacking official ownership documents. This situation has led to numerous legal disputes, reduced transparency in property transactions, and created obstacles for effective land management. The law requiring the formal registration of real estate transactions seeks to address these challenges by establishing mechanisms that oblige parties to register property transactions within the official registration system. This report examines the capacities of this law for facilitating the issuance of ownership documents, particularly for lands without formal documents including agricultural lands and garden lands. The findings indicate that implementing this law can significantly reduce property disputes, improve legal certainty in transactions, and increase public satisfaction with the land administration system.

Abstract The issue of women’s employment has long been among the important topics in social and legal policymaking. In the intellectual framework of the martyr leader Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei (RA), women’s employment is addressed with an emphasis on preserving family foundations, maintaining women’s dignity, and ensuring social justice. This report examines women’s employment laws and policies through comparison with the thought system of the martyr leader. Based on the analysis conducted, five main pillars are identified within this framework: family‑centeredness, wise division of labor between men and women, dignity and suitability of work for women, ensuring psychological, moral, and chastity security in workplaces, and emphasizing meritocracy rather than gender‑based quotas. The findings show that despite the presence of certain supportive regulations, there remain significant gaps in the legal framework, including the absence of comprehensive social security coverage for housewives and insufficient mechanisms for implementing supportive policies related to women’s employment.

Abstract Under conditions in which the country’s public universities, based on the regulations governing them, face certain structural challenges and limitations arising from administrative centralization, dependence on the public budget, and reduced managerial flexibility, reconsideration of their legal form has been defined as one of the options for reforming the higher education governance system. This report examines the points of similarity and difference between governmental institutions and public non‑governmental institutions and, while explaining the opportunities of this change, sets forth its challenges. Among the opportunities of changing the legal form of universities to a public non‑governmental institution are flexibility in administrative and employment affairs, the inalienability of their lands by the government, greater freedom of action in the area of organizational structure and the ceiling of their organizational posts, and the absence of oversight by the Administrative Justice Court over the decisions and actions of such institutions. On the other hand, the legal form of a public non‑governmental institution not only does not create any change for universities in terms of inspection and oversight by bodies including the Supreme Audit Court and the National Inspectorate Organization, but will also deprive them of certain legal advantages explicitly stipulated for governmental institutions, including maximum benefit from governmental credits (in terms of the ratio between credits obtained from governmental and non‑governmental sources in financing the annual budget), immunity of property from seizure in case of financial conviction, exemption from enforcement of claims by persons whose judgments and executable documents have reached finality, and tax exemption. It must also be acknowledged that the overwhelming majority of public universities under current conditions are not capable of complying with part of the legal requirements necessary for recognizing an entity as a public non‑governmental institution.

Abstract The residential sector, as one of the main consumers of natural gas in the country, accounts for a 28 percent share of consumption, which reaches approximately 46 percent in the coldest month of the year. One of the fundamental gaps in policymaking in this field has been the absence of an accurate picture of the relationship between gas consumption and the welfare status of households, and there has always been the assumption that gas consumption in the residential sector is mainly higher among high‑income deciles. Therefore, the main question of this report is how gas consumption in the residential sector is distributed among welfare deciles and whether high gas consumption necessarily indicates higher welfare. In this report, real data on the gas consumption of residential subscribers at the national level have been cross‑matched with household welfare information, and the consumption pattern in different climates has been examined. The findings of the report show that there is no significant correlation between welfare level and the amount of gas consumption, and the high consumption of lower deciles is more the result of the use of worn‑out heating equipment and poor insulation in residential units of these groups than of consumption behavior. On the other hand, simultaneous examination of gas consumption data with building area shows that the amount of gas consumption per square meter of building space in the lower deciles of society is higher than in the upper deciles. Therefore, it should be noted that the focus of policymaking, instead of tools based on shock therapy in higher deciles or policies of redistributing gas and electricity quotas, should be on correcting the roots of high consumption such as consumption optimization, upgrading equipment, and reducing energy waste in the lower deciles of society.

Abstract “Social enterprise” has been defined as a new approach for solving complex social problems using market logic. This model, which is rooted in the theory and experience of Muhammad Yunus, instead of focusing on profit maximization, places its primary mission on overcoming poverty, inequality, unemployment, gender inequality, and environmental crises. Despite this importance, in Iran a clear conceptual and legal framework for social enterprise has not yet taken shape. A large portion of the country’s social activities is carried out under “charitable institutions and non‑governmental organizations,” which are often dependent on donated assistance and lack sufficient financial sustainability. Field findings of this research from interviews with managers of several social institutions show that although many of them have been successful in achieving social missions, they face fundamental challenges in areas such as “economic self‑sufficiency, attracting investors, social innovation, creating sustainable legal structures, and paying competitive wages.” As a result, their activities remain closer to a charitable model than to a full social enterprise model. For this purpose, the following proposals are presented: adapting the country’s legal entities for the establishment and operation of social enterprises within Iran’s legal system; creating tax incentives for social enterprises, conditional upon compliance with financial transparency principles and reinvestment of profits; establishing a legal framework for social investment, including investment funds and social bonds; establishing a specialized supervisory body within the government for the registration, evaluation, and monitoring of the performance of social enterprises; and creating accelerators and social innovation parks to support social startups.

Abstract Soil pollution in recent decades, due to industrialization and rapid urbanization, has become a serious environmental issue. The main causes of soil pollution are related to human activities that lead to the accumulation of pollutants in the soil and may reach alarming levels. Once contaminated, soil poses serious risks to human health and environmental safety. In response to this threat, the Soil Protection Law was approved and promulgated in June 2019. The examinations conducted show that despite efforts to implement the Soil Protection Law, due to challenges such as the absence of valuation of environmental resources and determination of environmental damage costs across the country, insufficient coverage of the monitoring process, lack of proper utilization of public participation capacity, an unclear mechanism for referring work to accredited laboratories, weaknesses in the executive and operational procedures of the comprehensive environmental system, lack of institutional and inter‑agency cooperation regarding implementation of the Soil Protection Law, failure to consider the country’s conditions in legislative drafting, failure to allocate a share of pollution charges for remediation by the polluting unit, absence of mechanisms for enforcing legal rulings, and ambiguity regarding the time frame and responsible authority for implementing certain provisions, the process of achieving some of the objectives set forth in this law has not been satisfactory. Therefore, this report presents proposals regarding changes in executive, legislative, and supervisory procedures related to soil pollution.

Abstract The growth of international sports competitions and the role of champions in enhancing national standing have doubled the necessity of designing sustainable support systems for elite athletes. Iran ranks at a high level in paying cash rewards to Olympic medalists and, in terms of the nominal value of payments, is among the top countries. However, the concentration of the support system on cash rewards and full exemption from military service, in contrast to the absence of multi‑layered and long‑term packages, is among the fundamental challenges of the current structure. Examination of international experiences shows that the common point among all successful countries is the multi‑layered nature of supports and the absence of reliance on a single instrument. In addition to cash rewards, these countries implement mechanisms such as integrating military service with professional activity, employment in governmental or military institutions, membership in clubs affiliated with the government, comprehensive insurance coverage, and career transition programs. In selected countries, the creation of sustainable employment after the championship period functions as the main pillar of long‑term support. In contrast, in Iran between the years 2017 and 2024, on average about 31 athletes per year have been recruited into executive bodies, most of whom have been employed in non‑specialized jobs. Successful experiences also show that combining education with professional sports activity and granting targeted scholarships play an effective role in reducing educational dropout and facilitating transition to a second career. Accordingly, reforming the champion soldier law with an approach of specialized service reduction, designing a job recruitment model consistent with sports specialization, and establishing a structured scholarship system are among the most important policy proposals of this research for enhancing the effectiveness of the support system for champions in Iran.

Abstract Culture and art, as fundamental components of soft power and social capital, play an important role in identity formation, social cohesion, and the promotion of the Iranian‑Islamic lifestyle; however, the unstable structure of the cultural labor market has caused some activists in this field to remain without stable social security insurance coverage. Continuation of this situation weakens livelihood security and occupational resilience and leads to the outflow of human capital, decline in the quality of cultural productions, and expansion of informal employment. Examination of the legislative background shows that insurance support for members of culture and arts had previously been pursued through the Art Credit Fund, related bylaws, and some circulars of the Social Security Organization, and was eventually explicitly stated in Clause “Z” of Article (75) of the Seventh Development Plan. However, the limited interpretation by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance of the phrase “necessary legal action,” and reducing it merely to administrative correspondence with other bodies, has prevented the practical realization of the legal ruling. This report, with the aim of examining the insurance coverage status of members of culture, arts, and media, focusing on Clause “Z” of Article (75) of the Seventh Development Plan Law, argues that the legislator’s intention from “legal action” was the indirect obligation of the government to present a specific bill to the Islamic Consultative Assembly, while the existing ambiguity in this phrase has created the ground for limited interpretations by the obligated bodies. Therefore, presenting an independent bill with axes such as determining the eligible groups, the method of financing the government’s share, linking the insurance system with income deciles, and stabilizing the role of the Art Credit Fund is proposed as the main solution for achieving sustainable insurance coverage for members of culture, arts, and media.

Abstract Clause “S” of Article (37) of the Law on the Permanent Provisions of Development was enacted with the aim of balanced physical development of mosques and prayer halls and facilitating public access to places for performing prayers, assigning specific duties to national and local executive bodies and, due to its permanent nature, creating the expectation of sustainable and systematic realization. However, evaluation of the performance of obligated bodies shows that achieving the objectives of this ruling has faced numerous structural and executive challenges. Although actions have been taken in some areas, such as forecasting locations for mosque construction in urban and rural development plans, these actions have mostly lacked institutional coherence, a regular monitoring system, and effective linkage with real cultural and demographic needs. Weak enforcement guarantees, the absence of mandatory transparent reporting to oversight institutions, and the lack of minimum qualitative indicators have caused the performance of different bodies in implementing this clause to vary and sometimes remain minimal. Moreover, emphasis on physical construction without sufficient attention to sustainable operation and maintenance in the field of roadside and terminal prayer halls has reduced the effectiveness of interventions. Findings show that the main issue, more than a legal gap, is the inefficiency of the executive and supervisory mechanisms provided in the law. Therefore, the following proposals are presented: utilizing the capacity of the Basij Construction Organization for the development of prayer halls in educational centers; preparing and equipping suitable places for prayer in factories, production units, and industrial centers; utilizing the social responsibility of production and industrial units for the construction and renovation of mosques and prayer halls; periodic reporting to the Cultural Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly; improving accessibility to mosques for the use of disabled persons and war veterans.

Abstract The approved credits of the Ministry of Sports from the performance of the share of sports from value‑added tax increased from 111,160 billion rials in 2024 to 140,087 billion rials in 2025 (a growth of 26.7 percent), but the process of financing and allocation has faced challenges. The gap between notified and allocated credits has been such that in 2024 an amount equivalent to 85 percent of the notified credit (83,670 billion rials) was allocated, but in the first ten months of 2025 the performance of these credits declined to 57.3 percent (71,460 billion rials), and in order to reach the performance of the previous year it would require the allocation of 34,540 billion rials in the final two months of 2025, equivalent to 4.8 times the current monthly average (7,150 billion rials), which is unlikely. Moreover, on average during the two years under review, about 53 percent of the Ministry of Sports’ budget has been financed from this source, which represents considerable dependence. In addition, ambiguity in the internal distribution of credits between the two obligations of “youth affairs” and “promotion of public sports” has led to discretionary allocation and a lack of transparency. Based on the findings, three proposals are presented: clarifying the share of the two sectors in budget laws through the inclusion of separate budget lines; establishing an annual operational planning system based on quantitative indicators; and continuous reporting of performance to the Cultural Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Implementation of these solutions, while creating transparency and reducing discretionary decisions, will make objective performance evaluation and improvement of resource allocation efficiency possible.

Abstract In 2024, out of 8,851 sports facilities under the management of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, 5,026 units (56.8 percent) were transferred and 3,825 units (43 percent) remained idle. Total revenue in 2024 reached 478 billion tomans, and the average revenue per transferred sports unit reached 96 million tomans per year. The concentration of 52.4 percent of revenue in only four provinces reveals the regional development gap. In terms of distribution, sports federations, with a 47 percent share, have been the main actor in the transfer process, while the low 17.5 percent share of rural municipalities indicates insufficient attention to rural sports. The findings show that transfer management models across provinces are highly heterogeneous, and three types of prevailing transfer models can be identified: governance‑specialized transfer, economic‑private transfer, and provinces with infrastructural and procedural challenges. The identified challenges in four domains—“legal,” “managerial,” “economic,” and “social‑institutional”—have collectively posed a serious obstacle to achieving the legal objective of “free physical education for all.” The proposed solutions are presented along three axes: “legislative,” “supervisory,” and “policy.” In order to enhance the efficiency of transferring state sports facilities, a “Draft Bill on the Organization and Efficiency of the Country’s Sports Facilities” has been presented in the form of seven articles. In this draft, the transfer of sports facilities is carried out in compliance with specific priorities, including meeting the needs of distinguished sports federations and rural sports, and subsequently through public auction. Transparent mechanisms for identifying “surplus facilities,” the obligation to provide free hours of use for the public, and the targeted allocation of generated revenues solely to the renovation and development of sports infrastructure, especially in deprived areas, have also been envisaged.

Abstract According to Clause “B” of Article (75) of the Seventh Development Plan Law, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance is obligated to design and launch a national system for monitoring and measuring media authority, monitoring public culture, and evaluating the state of the country’s communications. This legal obligation places the Ministry in a position to play a central role in collecting, analyzing, and publishing reliable and dependable data in the fields of culture and communications. According to the Seventh Development Plan Law and other upstream resolutions, the Ministry is required, in cooperation with the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting Organization, the Statistical Center of Iran, and under the guidance of the Monitoring, Planning, and Evaluation Center of the Secretariat of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, to establish and operate a national system for continuous monitoring of indicators of public culture, lifestyle, media authority, and the state of the country’s communications; to collect, process, and analyze related statistical data from various bodies; and to provide usable results for foresight and cultural policymaking. In other words, the role of the Ministry has been elevated from a “data consumer” to a “reference for analysis and production of policy knowledge.” The launch of the “Monitoring and Measuring Media Authority and the State of the Country’s Communications” system by the Ministry has been entrusted to the Research Institute of Culture, Arts, and Communications, and the launch of the Cultural Monitoring System website indicates that preliminary measures for establishing this system have begun. In the 2025 Budget Law, an amount of 25 billion tomans was allocated for launching the system, and in the 2026 budget, 20 billion tomans has been projected in support of this system. The present report is an effort to anticipate the challenges facing this system from the initial stage to the utilization of its capacities; challenges such as the facilities and limitations of implementing the system, implementation prerequisites, identification of beneficiaries and stakeholders of this system, and so forth.

Abstract In line with the drafting, approval, and implementation of the “Comprehensive Plan for the Empowerment of Women Heads of Household” (Clause “T” of Article (80) of the Sixth Development Plan Law), the Council of Ministers, in the first stage and with the aim of centralizing support services, approved the “Bylaw on the Integration of Empowerment Services for Women Heads of Household” in its session dated 2024/02/18. However, evaluations show that implementation of the bylaw faces four fundamental challenges: “dispersion of definitions,” “delay in establishing the Iranian Welfare Services Single Window,” “reliance on self‑declaration instead of registry data,” and “information gaps in the field of income and assets.” In order to overcome this impasse, five strategic solutions are proposed: Conceptual uniformity: obligating the Statistical Center to draft unified and binding definitions for all bodies. Budgetary discipline: conditioning the allocation of credits by the Planning and Budget Organization on the use of standard service codes and reporting based on comprehensive indicators. Alignment of bylaws: integrating the internal regulations of institutions such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and the Welfare Organization based on unified definitions Administrative enforcement guarantee: incorporating the data exchange indicator into the annual evaluation of bodies (Shahid Rajaee Festival) and assigning negative scores to non‑compliant bodies Stakeholder‑oriented oversight: creating the possibility of direct surveys of women heads of household in the Single Window to assess the real quality of services and bottom‑up oversight.

Abstract The commissions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly have undergone transformations over many years, and in this regard the necessity of diagnosing the current situation is unavoidable. In this report, an attempt is made to examine and explain potential shortcomings in order to achieve an appropriate model for redesigning the commissions. Issues such as overlapping jurisdictions, overlapping duties, failure to cover certain emerging issues, lack of comprehensiveness in classification, imbalance in referrals and workload of commissions are among these matters. On the other hand, significant differences in representatives’ motivation for membership in commissions lead to imbalance. Simultaneous membership of representatives in several commissions or other factors such as a large number of members result in ineffective participation of some members in sessions. Other problems such as the lack of structural flexibility in the face of changing national priorities, conflict of interest in some situations, and the like can also be mentioned. Therefore, the collection of these shortcomings show that the current classification of commissions requires revision with the aim of addressing these issues, updating, and creating balance among functions and subjects so that it can respond to today’s and future legislative and supervisory requirements of the country.

Abstract Animation in Iran has reached a stage where it can become one of the driving sectors of cultural industries and play an important role in transmitting cultural values and enhancing the country’s position in the creative economy. Despite this capacity, achieving the target set by the Seventh Development Plan Law to increase production to 7,300 hours of animation requires revision of production, distribution, and financing policies. In recent years, clear signs of growth and maturity in this field have been observed. Increased sales of animated films, growth in audiences of animated television series, and the success of Iranian works in reputable international festivals indicate improvement in the quality of productions in this field. In addition, the animation ecosystem in Iran, with the formation and advancement of small groups and small studios in various cities, has been able to play a significant role in content production, technology development, and human resource training. This trend indicates that there is potential capacity at the national level; however, due to weaknesses in the economic cycle and distribution network, full exploitation of it has not yet been achieved. This report presents a set of policy proposals in three axes. In the production axis, strengthening small studios, developing specialized skills, upgrading technological infrastructure such as cloud processing, and launching a quality monitoring system are among the main necessities. In the distribution axis, balancing domestic and foreign content, developing domestic platforms for children and adolescents, protecting intellectual property, and strengthening presence in global markets are proposed. In the financing axis, creating a multi‑layered investment structure, launching a special credit fund for animation, and increasing the role of the private sector are emphasized.

Abstract The Seventh Development Plan, based on the Second Step of the Islamic Revolution Statement and the statements of the Supreme Leader regarding the necessity of strengthening public movement and the serious role of intermediate circles in this matter, obligated the government in Clause “D” of Article (75) to approve a bylaw on supporting the popularization of culture and the movement of intermediate circles, which was approved in September 2025. While this bylaw has certain strengths such as considering most cultural and non‑cultural executive bodies, recognizing the different role of intermediate circles in paving the way for people’s participation in cultural matters, and mentioning some non‑material instruments of intervention such as empowerment and accreditation, it is accompanied by fundamental criticisms, the most important of which are: the absence of a clear boundary between intermediate circles and field groups, inattention to the intellectual nature of the circles and perceiving them as an executive arm, a reductionist understanding of their role and function akin to contracting companies, and weakness in designing a smart and diverse support model not necessarily financial and employer‑based. Therefore, proposals are presented for revision: revising the definitions of related titles including intermediate circles and popularization of culture; designing a system of duties for relevant institutions with more detailed entry into types of legal, communicational, informational, infrastructural, and technological support and the mechanism of each; creating a system for monitoring and evaluation of bodies under the guidance of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance; paying attention to the elite and intellectual capacity of intermediate circles in the spheres of governance and revising related structures; upgrading the government’s financial interaction model with intermediate circles from aid‑based and employer‑based models to participatory or self‑employed models; and also paying attention to the necessity of positioning a dual evaluation of specialization‑commitment orientation of intermediate circles.

Abstract Examination of quantitative indicators of the automotive industry in the first half of 2025 shows that compared with the same period in 2024, this industry has faced a combination of decreased production, increased imports, and decline in export performance. Vehicle production during this period, with the registration of 461,000 units, experienced a decrease of 41,000 units compared with the first half of 2024, for which various reasons such as the 12‑day war, foreign exchange supply problems, and the explosion at Shahid Rajaee Port can be mentioned as temporary rather than structural causes. In contrast, vehicle imports increased by 3,000 units, rising from 22,000 units in the first half of 2024 to 25,000 units in the first half of 2025. In the field of exports, the total value of vehicle and parts exports in the first half of 2025 reached 21.9 million dollars, which compared with the 27.6 million dollars of the same period of the previous year shows a decrease of approximately 5.7 million dollars. This export decline indicates the weakening presence of the automotive industry in foreign markets and the continuation of challenges related to competitiveness and foreign exchange and trade restrictions. On the other hand, the performance of the scrappage indicator of worn‑out vehicles has also followed a downward trend, decreasing from 121,000 units in the first half of 2024 to 115,000 units in the first half of 2025. This is while, according to the Seventh Development Plan Law, it has been stipulated that by the end of the Seventh Plan this number should reach 500,000 units per year, of which 23 percent was achieved in the first half of 2025. Overall, the results of this report indicate that the automotive industry in the first half of 2025 has continued to face imbalance among production, imports, and exports, and sustainable improvement of its condition requires structural reforms, policy stability, and strengthening of the country’s production and export capacities.

Abstract After ninety years have passed since the adoption of the second volume of the Civil Code, in which the provisions relating to nationality are mentioned in Book Two, these provisions require reform and updating. Article 976 of this law, which seeks to enumerate persons possessing Iranian nationality, in Clause (4) considers as Iranian those who are born in Iran to foreign parents, one of whom was born in Iran. This clause has defects and problems such as creating dual nationality for the individual covered by this clause, disturbing the identity balance of society, and discrimination against Iranian women in granting nationality to their children, which are explained in this report. Therefore, it is proposed either that this clause be removed and that persons covered by this clause apply for Iranian nationality through Article (979) of the Civil Code, or that a residency duration requirement be established for individuals subject to this article and that their nationality be considered acquired.

Abstract The bill amending the sole article of the law amending certain articles of the Public Accounting Law of the country has been presented to the Islamic Consultative Assembly with the aim of expanding the possibility of employing human resources in the position of procurement officer. In this regard, the Planning, Budget and Accounting Commission of the Assembly, while preserving and accepting the general framework of the present bill, approved it with minor amendments. Accordingly, although the general framework of the bill and the report of the Planning, Budget and Accounting Commission of the Assembly regarding this bill are approved, in order to remove the ambiguity regarding whether contractual employees in state‑owned companies and public non‑governmental institutions will have the possibility of being selected for positions such as procurement officer, it is proposed that the report of the aforementioned commission be approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly after removing the aforementioned ambiguity.

Abstract Article Forty‑Four of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has determined the fundamental legal framework of the economic system on the basis of three sectors: state, cooperative, and private. The general policies of Article Forty‑Four of the Constitution were communicated in 2005 with the aim of updating and specifying the details of this principle, and the law implementing these policies was approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly in 2007. Considering the importance of this law in the country’s economic system, legal analysis of it is necessary. The aforementioned law consists of 10 chapters and 92 articles. Chapter Two of this law, titled “The Scope of Activities of Each of the State, Cooperative, and Private Sectors,” includes Articles 2 to 8 repeated of this law, and in this report Article (2) of it is addressed. The research problem of the present study is the analysis of the legal issues governing Article (2) of the implementation law and answers the question: “What are the legal issues of Article (2) of the implementation law?” In order to answer the research question, by examining legal doctrine and through legal analysis of the Constitution and upstream documents, using the text analysis method, the legal issues governing Article (2) of the implementation law are examined.

Abstract The bill on amending the Law on Definitions and Criteria of National Administrative Divisions with registration number (365), based on the argument that “under the difficult financial conditions of the country, amending the law on national administrative divisions in a way that leads to an increase in the country’s administrative costs is not appropriate, and therefore if reform is to be carried out, this reform should be carried out in such a way that it does not lead to an increase in administrative costs and merely resolves certain formal shortcomings. If, in terms of social justice, amending the law leads to the elimination of inequality and the reduction of public protests, reforms should be made in this law,” seeks to apply certain minor amendments to the aforementioned law. Considering the inadequacy of the arguments presented in the explanatory introduction, the inconsistency of the bill with Principle (75) of the Constitution, inconsistency with the general policies of the system including the general policies of the resistance economy and the general policies of the administrative system, inconsistency with Article (105) of the Seventh Development Plan Law, inconsistency with the “Law on the Organization, Duties and Elections of the Islamic Councils of the Country and the Election of Mayors and Rural Governors approved 1996/05/21 with subsequent amendments and annexes,” inconsistency with certain articles of the “Law on Definitions and Criteria of National Administrative Divisions approved 1983/07/06 with subsequent amendments and annexes” and the “Executive Bylaw of the Law on Definitions and Criteria of National Administrative Divisions approved 1984/10/14,” and also the reality that the current law on national administrative divisions, due to the weaknesses within it, does not have the capacity for further manipulation in the form of minor and formal amendments with the approach sought by the present bill, approval of the general framework of the present bill is not recommended. If the Commission of Internal Affairs of the Country and Councils considers minor reforms to the Law on Definitions and Criteria of National Administrative Divisions, it is proposed that the annexes added to the law on 2010/07/03 be removed, and certain minor matters such as the definition of a metropolis be added to the law.

Abstract The bill titled “Skill Training and Employability of Conscripts of the Armed Forces,” with registration number (207), was submitted by the government to the Islamic Consultative Assembly on 2024/10/08. This bill has been designed with the aim of training skilled human resources aligned with labor market needs through strengthening technical and vocational education during the period of military service. The plan emphasizes training specialized skills before the dispatch of conscripts, participation of educational institutions in providing skill courses during service, incentive policies such as service reduction for holders of valid certificates, and finally support for the employment of soldiers after completion of service through the provision of financial facilities. Examination of the general framework of the bill shows that its objectives are aligned with macro employment policies and related laws, but its details require amendments in order to prevent duplication and overlap of institutional responsibilities. Proposed amendments include utilizing the capacity of the Technical and Vocational Training Organization in the process of skill training and the assessment of skill levels for issuing skill certificates, avoiding the direct executive role of the armed forces in the field of education and financial support, and greater coordination with the Comprehensive Technical and Vocational Education System Law in the design of courses and issuance of certificates. Observing fairness in the allocation of incentives, proportionality between skill level and benefits, and using existing employment‑generation structures instead of creating parallel institutions are among the other necessary points. With the proposed amendments, this bill can contribute to optimizing the conscription service period and strengthening the linkage between skill training and employment, while also ensuring alignment with national security and preserving the defensive‑combat nature of military service during its implementation.